Bundle multiple allocations into workspaces #833

hanno-becker · 2026-01-02T04:27:38Z

This commit replaces multiple successive allocations from MLD_ALLOC by a single allocation of a suitable 'workspace' structure.

This reduces the number of allocations as well as the number of exit paths, thereby reducing the complexity of CBMC proofs. It also unifies the zeroization at the end of each function.

github-actions

Arm Cortex-A76 (Raspberry Pi 5) benchmarks (opt)

Details

Benchmark suite	Current: `daca072`	Previous: `c483029`	Ratio
`ML-DSA-44 keypair`	`113752` cycles	`114023` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-44 sign`	`359744` cycles	`360099` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-44 verify`	`117845` cycles	`118168` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 keypair`	`197658` cycles	`197657` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 sign`	`595210` cycles	`593828` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 verify`	`194787` cycles	`194840` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 keypair`	`323963` cycles	`324024` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 sign`	`757356` cycles	`758649` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 verify`	`320671` cycles	`320679` cycles	`1.00`

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Mac Mini (M1, 2020) benchmarks (opt)

Details

Benchmark suite	Current: `daca072`	Previous: `c483029`	Ratio
`ML-DSA-44 keypair`	`46405` cycles	`46417` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-44 sign`	`131348` cycles	`131273` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-44 verify`	`47973` cycles	`47771` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 keypair`	`81549` cycles	`81315` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 sign`	`216933` cycles	`216949` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 verify`	`80427` cycles	`80026` cycles	`1.01`
`ML-DSA-87 keypair`	`132715` cycles	`132563` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 sign`	`278546` cycles	`277785` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 verify`	`130561` cycles	`130390` cycles	`1.00`

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Mac Mini (M1, 2020) benchmarks (no-opt)

Details

Benchmark suite	Current: `daca072`	Previous: `c483029`	Ratio
`ML-DSA-44 keypair`	`114400` cycles	`114353` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-44 sign`	`426576` cycles	`428613` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-44 verify`	`122546` cycles	`122337` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 keypair`	`196042` cycles	`196303` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 sign`	`695401` cycles	`696921` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 verify`	`198024` cycles	`197605` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 keypair`	`323139` cycles	`322838` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 sign`	`879232` cycles	`878986` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 verify`	`329066` cycles	`328125` cycles	`1.00`

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Arm Cortex-A76 (Raspberry Pi 5) benchmarks (no-opt)

Details

Benchmark suite	Current: `daca072`	Previous: `c483029`	Ratio
`ML-DSA-44 keypair`	`213852` cycles	`213254` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-44 sign`	`777945` cycles	`783874` cycles	`0.99`
`ML-DSA-44 verify`	`229112` cycles	`229507` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 keypair`	`381396` cycles	`381443` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 sign`	`1272703` cycles	`1272006` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 verify`	`371413` cycles	`371827` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 keypair`	`606380` cycles	`605251` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 sign`	`1614077` cycles	`1613419` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 verify`	`617774` cycles	`617100` cycles	`1.00`

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oqs-bot

Intel Xeon 4th gen (c7i)

Details

Benchmark suite	Current: `daca072`	Previous: `c483029`	Ratio
`ML-DSA-44 keypair`	`34373` cycles	`34609` cycles	`0.99`
`ML-DSA-44 sign`	`119042` cycles	`119760` cycles	`0.99`
`ML-DSA-44 verify`	`38121` cycles	`38193` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 keypair`	`61988` cycles	`61760` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 sign`	`200069` cycles	`200536` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 verify`	`63138` cycles	`62888` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 keypair`	`93358` cycles	`93442` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 sign`	`230541` cycles	`229461` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 verify`	`94224` cycles	`94556` cycles	`1.00`

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Intel Xeon 4th gen (c7i) (no-opt)

Details

Benchmark suite	Current: `daca072`	Previous: `c483029`	Ratio
`ML-DSA-44 keypair`	`94855` cycles	`95511` cycles	`0.99`
`ML-DSA-44 sign`	`343416` cycles	`343477` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-44 verify`	`99577` cycles	`99493` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 keypair`	`163373` cycles	`161355` cycles	`1.01`
`ML-DSA-65 sign`	`550783` cycles	`549304` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 verify`	`163068` cycles	`161665` cycles	`1.01`
`ML-DSA-87 keypair`	`265961` cycles	`266791` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 sign`	`709508` cycles	`711772` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 verify`	`270893` cycles	`270671` cycles	`1.00`

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Intel Xeon 3rd gen (c6i)

Details

Benchmark suite	Current: `daca072`	Previous: `c483029`	Ratio
`ML-DSA-44 keypair`	`56404` cycles	`56993` cycles	`0.99`
`ML-DSA-44 sign`	`179012` cycles	`180089` cycles	`0.99`
`ML-DSA-44 verify`	`61090` cycles	`61275` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 keypair`	`98446` cycles	`99015` cycles	`0.99`
`ML-DSA-65 sign`	`296421` cycles	`295595` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 verify`	`100251` cycles	`99981` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 keypair`	`152689` cycles	`152996` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 sign`	`349790` cycles	`351313` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 verify`	`152666` cycles	`153157` cycles	`1.00`

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oqs-bot

AMD EPYC 3rd gen (c6a)

Details

Benchmark suite	Current: `daca072`	Previous: `c483029`	Ratio
`ML-DSA-44 keypair`	`68831` cycles	`69182` cycles	`0.99`
`ML-DSA-44 sign`	`183532` cycles	`183539` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-44 verify`	`69045` cycles	`69007` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 keypair`	`118575` cycles	`119136` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 sign`	`294060` cycles	`293788` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 verify`	`115701` cycles	`115243` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 keypair`	`203086` cycles	`203828` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 sign`	`393823` cycles	`387859` cycles	`1.02`
`ML-DSA-87 verify`	`195442` cycles	`195676` cycles	`1.00`

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oqs-bot

Graviton4

Details

Benchmark suite	Current: `daca072`	Previous: `c483029`	Ratio
`ML-DSA-44 keypair`	`68376` cycles	`68539` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-44 sign`	`202443` cycles	`202233` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-44 verify`	`70637` cycles	`70928` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 keypair`	`121621` cycles	`121568` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 sign`	`331249` cycles	`331504` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 verify`	`117953` cycles	`117900` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 keypair`	`198628` cycles	`198963` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 sign`	`427621` cycles	`427838` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 verify`	`194236` cycles	`195069` cycles	`1.00`

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oqs-bot

Intel Xeon 3rd gen (c6i) (no-opt)

Details

Benchmark suite	Current: `daca072`	Previous: `c483029`	Ratio
`ML-DSA-44 keypair`	`158096` cycles	`158662` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-44 sign`	`567588` cycles	`568648` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-44 verify`	`169304` cycles	`169796` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 keypair`	`268062` cycles	`268539` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 sign`	`919016` cycles	`917673` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 verify`	`275106` cycles	`274076` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 keypair`	`448807` cycles	`449042` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 sign`	`1171381` cycles	`1169055` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 verify`	`458134` cycles	`458045` cycles	`1.00`

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AMD EPYC 3rd gen (c6a) (no-opt)

Details

Benchmark suite	Current: `daca072`	Previous: `c483029`	Ratio
`ML-DSA-44 keypair`	`134620` cycles	`135177` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-44 sign`	`534104` cycles	`534455` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-44 verify`	`147526` cycles	`146868` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 keypair`	`225865` cycles	`226789` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 sign`	`867220` cycles	`870126` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 verify`	`234524` cycles	`234717` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 keypair`	`370914` cycles	`370908` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 sign`	`1089126` cycles	`1087334` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 verify`	`383663` cycles	`383408` cycles	`1.00`

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oqs-bot

Graviton3

Details

Benchmark suite	Current: `daca072`	Previous: `c483029`	Ratio
`ML-DSA-44 keypair`	`72621` cycles	`72729` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-44 sign`	`212421` cycles	`212193` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-44 verify`	`75521` cycles	`75778` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 keypair`	`128434` cycles	`128350` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 sign`	`351784` cycles	`350258` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 verify`	`125630` cycles	`125639` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 keypair`	`206260` cycles	`209440` cycles	`0.98`
`ML-DSA-87 sign`	`444692` cycles	`450206` cycles	`0.99`
`ML-DSA-87 verify`	`204504` cycles	`205328` cycles	`1.00`

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AMD EPYC 4th gen (c7a)

Details

Benchmark suite	Current: `daca072`	Previous: `c483029`	Ratio
`ML-DSA-44 keypair`	`39293` cycles	`40297` cycles	`0.98`
`ML-DSA-44 sign`	`129554` cycles	`129129` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-44 verify`	`43313` cycles	`43311` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 keypair`	`71628` cycles	`75892` cycles	`0.94`
`ML-DSA-65 sign`	`209405` cycles	`213812` cycles	`0.98`
`ML-DSA-65 verify`	`73444` cycles	`74365` cycles	`0.99`
`ML-DSA-87 keypair`	`109804` cycles	`109396` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 sign`	`250152` cycles	`248875` cycles	`1.01`
`ML-DSA-87 verify`	`110114` cycles	`110489` cycles	`1.00`

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oqs-bot

Graviton4 (no-opt)

Details

Benchmark suite	Current: `daca072`	Previous: `c483029`	Ratio
`ML-DSA-44 keypair`	`128828` cycles	`128666` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-44 sign`	`455058` cycles	`456451` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-44 verify`	`137633` cycles	`137019` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 keypair`	`221541` cycles	`221202` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 sign`	`736352` cycles	`737800` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 verify`	`220918` cycles	`221516` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 keypair`	`365727` cycles	`365711` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 sign`	`936930` cycles	`939672` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 verify`	`370170` cycles	`370428` cycles	`1.00`

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oqs-bot

Graviton2

Details

Benchmark suite	Current: `daca072`	Previous: `c483029`	Ratio
`ML-DSA-44 keypair`	`114067` cycles	`114510` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-44 sign`	`360420` cycles	`360660` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-44 verify`	`118163` cycles	`118438` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 keypair`	`197723` cycles	`197773` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 sign`	`595444` cycles	`594447` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 verify`	`194722` cycles	`195062` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 keypair`	`323948` cycles	`324706` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 sign`	`758245` cycles	`759538` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 verify`	`320247` cycles	`321064` cycles	`1.00`

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AMD EPYC 4th gen (c7a) (no-opt)

Details

Benchmark suite	Current: `daca072`	Previous: `c483029`	Ratio
`ML-DSA-44 keypair`	`119916` cycles	`122553` cycles	`0.98`
`ML-DSA-44 sign`	`449711` cycles	`454165` cycles	`0.99`
`ML-DSA-44 verify`	`129727` cycles	`130283` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 keypair`	`207486` cycles	`205719` cycles	`1.01`
`ML-DSA-65 sign`	`740601` cycles	`745836` cycles	`0.99`
`ML-DSA-65 verify`	`209244` cycles	`211575` cycles	`0.99`
`ML-DSA-87 keypair`	`339226` cycles	`339703` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 sign`	`935194` cycles	`935500` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 verify`	`347562` cycles	`348246` cycles	`1.00`

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oqs-bot

Graviton3 (no-opt)

Details

Benchmark suite	Current: `daca072`	Previous: `c483029`	Ratio
`ML-DSA-44 keypair`	`138964` cycles	`138895` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-44 sign`	`491766` cycles	`492875` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-44 verify`	`148985` cycles	`148682` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 keypair`	`242696` cycles	`242188` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 sign`	`802587` cycles	`804697` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 verify`	`240212` cycles	`241250` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 keypair`	`396897` cycles	`397310` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 sign`	`1024120` cycles	`1027888` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 verify`	`402197` cycles	`402436` cycles	`1.00`

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Graviton2 (no-opt)

Details

Benchmark suite	Current: `daca072`	Previous: `c483029`	Ratio
`ML-DSA-44 keypair`	`214186` cycles	`214018` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-44 sign`	`778799` cycles	`781035` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-44 verify`	`235795` cycles	`230248` cycles	`1.02`
`ML-DSA-65 keypair`	`381650` cycles	`381393` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 sign`	`1273615` cycles	`1281836` cycles	`0.99`
`ML-DSA-65 verify`	`371421` cycles	`371686` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 keypair`	`606434` cycles	`605943` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 sign`	`1616138` cycles	`1616702` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 verify`	`617243` cycles	`617617` cycles	`1.00`

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SpacemiT K1 8 (Banana Pi F3) benchmarks (no-opt)

Details

Benchmark suite	Current: `daca072`	Previous: `c483029`	Ratio
`ML-DSA-44 keypair`	`828359` cycles	`828822` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-44 sign`	`3327796` cycles	`3341995` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-44 verify`	`922199` cycles	`922971` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 keypair`	`1401909` cycles	`1413706` cycles	`0.99`
`ML-DSA-65 sign`	`5414251` cycles	`5445736` cycles	`0.99`
`ML-DSA-65 verify`	`1472115` cycles	`1476781` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 keypair`	`2310896` cycles	`2316012` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 sign`	`6789941` cycles	`6816316` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 verify`	`2402576` cycles	`2416558` cycles	`0.99`

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Arm Cortex-A55 (Snapdragon 888) benchmarks (opt)

Details

Benchmark suite	Current: `daca072`	Previous: `c483029`	Ratio
`ML-DSA-44 keypair`	`280218` cycles	`279939` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-44 sign`	`844762` cycles	`836510` cycles	`1.01`
`ML-DSA-44 verify`	`279685` cycles	`278153` cycles	`1.01`
`ML-DSA-65 keypair`	`480804` cycles	`483483` cycles	`0.99`
`ML-DSA-65 sign`	`1373312` cycles	`1363916` cycles	`1.01`
`ML-DSA-65 verify`	`456290` cycles	`456439` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 keypair`	`824751` cycles	`820352` cycles	`1.01`
`ML-DSA-87 sign`	`1901440` cycles	`1851328` cycles	`1.03`
`ML-DSA-87 verify`	`793908` cycles	`793079` cycles	`1.00`

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This commit replaces multiple successive allocations from MLD_ALLOC by a single allocation of a suitable 'workspace' structure. This reduces the number of allocations as well as the number of exit paths, thereby reducing the complexity of CBMC proofs. It also unifies the zeroization at the end of each function. Signed-off-by: Hanno Becker <beckphan@amazon.co.uk>

github-actions

Arm Cortex-A55 (Snapdragon 888) benchmarks (no-opt)

Details

Benchmark suite	Current: `daca072`	Previous: `c483029`	Ratio
`ML-DSA-44 keypair`	`467943` cycles	`467949` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-44 sign`	`2219844` cycles	`2225547` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-44 verify`	`553189` cycles	`550809` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 keypair`	`786237` cycles	`788768` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 sign`	`3620350` cycles	`3610520` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 verify`	`855481` cycles	`854848` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 keypair`	`1272007` cycles	`1266824` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 sign`	`4514342` cycles	`4446968` cycles	`1.02`
`ML-DSA-87 verify`	`1379369` cycles	`1369649` cycles	`1.01`

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github-actions

Arm Cortex-A72 (Raspberry Pi 4) benchmarks (opt)

Details

Benchmark suite	Current: `daca072`	Previous: `c483029`	Ratio
`ML-DSA-44 keypair`	`227937` cycles	`231351` cycles	`0.99`
`ML-DSA-44 sign`	`638535` cycles	`637091` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-44 verify`	`223236` cycles	`223232` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 keypair`	`401385` cycles	`401782` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 sign`	`1029105` cycles	`1007413` cycles	`1.02`
`ML-DSA-65 verify`	`364950` cycles	`371233` cycles	`0.98`
`ML-DSA-87 keypair`	`652132` cycles	`649910` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 sign`	`1367845` cycles	`1355938` cycles	`1.01`
`ML-DSA-87 verify`	`622425` cycles	`642066` cycles	`0.97`

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github-actions

Arm Cortex-A72 (Raspberry Pi 4) benchmarks (no-opt)

Details

Benchmark suite	Current: `daca072`	Previous: `c483029`	Ratio
`ML-DSA-44 keypair`	`312877` cycles	`305238` cycles	`1.03`
`ML-DSA-44 sign`	`1246186` cycles	`1177626` cycles	`1.06`
`ML-DSA-44 verify`	`353722` cycles	`332859` cycles	`1.06`
`ML-DSA-65 keypair`	`571802` cycles	`549459` cycles	`1.04`
`ML-DSA-65 sign`	`2069010` cycles	`1959924` cycles	`1.06`
`ML-DSA-65 verify`	`553626` cycles	`529310` cycles	`1.05`
`ML-DSA-87 keypair`	`886499` cycles	`857161` cycles	`1.03`
`ML-DSA-87 sign`	`2578707` cycles	`2503164` cycles	`1.03`
`ML-DSA-87 verify`	`916083` cycles	`884566` cycles	`1.04`

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github-actions

⚠️ Performance Alert ⚠️

Possible performance regression was detected for benchmark 'Arm Cortex-A72 (Raspberry Pi 4) benchmarks (no-opt)'.
Benchmark result of this commit is worse than the previous benchmark result exceeding threshold 1.03.

Benchmark suite	Current: `daca072`	Previous: `c483029`	Ratio
`ML-DSA-44 sign`	`1246186` cycles	`1177626` cycles	`1.06`
`ML-DSA-44 verify`	`353722` cycles	`332859` cycles	`1.06`
`ML-DSA-65 keypair`	`571802` cycles	`549459` cycles	`1.04`
`ML-DSA-65 sign`	`2069010` cycles	`1959924` cycles	`1.06`
`ML-DSA-65 verify`	`553626` cycles	`529310` cycles	`1.05`
`ML-DSA-87 keypair`	`886499` cycles	`857161` cycles	`1.03`
`ML-DSA-87 sign`	`2578707` cycles	`2503164` cycles	`1.03`
`ML-DSA-87 verify`	`916083` cycles	`884566` cycles	`1.04`

This comment was automatically generated by workflow using github-action-benchmark.

hanno-becker · 2026-01-02T05:25:40Z

CBMC is not happy yet.

Proof	Status	Duration (in s)
crypto_sign_verify_internal	Fail	102
mld_attempt_signature_generation	Fail	972
caddq	Success	3
crypto_sign	Success	4
crypto_sign_keypair	Success	5
crypto_sign_keypair_internal	Success	10
crypto_sign_open	Success	5
crypto_sign_pk_from_sk	Success	18
crypto_sign_signature	Success	5
crypto_sign_signature_extmu	Success	5
crypto_sign_signature_internal	Success	1352

hanno-becker mentioned this pull request Jan 2, 2026

CBMC: Use instrumented malloc/free for MLD_ALLOC/MLD_FREE #814

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hanno-becker force-pushed the workspace branch from daca072 to b87017a Compare January 2, 2026 04:46

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Bundle multiple allocations into workspaces #833

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Bundle multiple allocations into workspaces #833

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