Language description

flower is a purely functional language with strong static typing.

Data

flower provides following primitive data types

• Int

  0 1 42 0x4f 0b0100 0o77
  

• Float

  1.0 1.0e-19 0.001 6.022e+23
  

• Bool

  true : Bool
  false : Bool
  

• Char

  'a' 'x'
  

Additionally there are three type constructors given (all specified on every type - e.g. of kind *):

• Maybe A which introduces possible lack of result

• Stream A which specifies lazy data stream

• Pair A B - a cartesian product or a 2-tuple

Built-in functions:

• Int

  sum : Int -> Int -> Int
  sub : Int -> Int -> Int
  mul : Int -> Int -> Int
  quot : Int -> Int -> Maybe Int
  mod : Int -> Int -> Maybe Int
  neg : Int -> Int
  eq : Int -> Int -> Bool
  leq : Int -> Int -> Bool
  float : Int -> Float
  

• Float

  sumf : Float -> Float -> Float
  subf : Float -> Float -> Float
  mulf : Float -> Float -> Float
  divf : Float -> Float -> Maybe Float
  negf : Float -> Float
  eqf : Float -> Float -> Bool
  leqf : Float -> Float -> Bool
  floor : Float -> Int
  ceil : Float -> Int
  

• Bool

  and : Bool -> Bool -> Bool
  not : Bool -> Bool
  

• Char

  upper : Char -> Char
  lower : Char -> Char
  

Data constructors for composed types:

• Maybe A

  for A : *
  some : A -> Maybe A
  
  for A : *
  none : Maybe A
  

• Stream A

  for A : *
  cons : A -> Stream A -> Stream A
  
  for A : *
  nil : Stream A
  

• Pair A B

  for A : *, B : *
  pair : A -> B -> Pair A B
  

And following selectors/modifiers:

• Maybe A

  for A : *, B : *
  maybe : (A -> B) -> B -> Maybe A -> B
  

• Stream A

  for A : *
  head : Stream A -> Maybe A
  
  for A : *
  tail : Stream A -> Maybe (Stream A)
  
  for A : *, B : *
  stream : (A -> Stream A -> B) -> B -> Stream A -> B
  

• Pair A B

  for A : *, B : *
  fst : Pair A B -> A
  
  for A : *, B : *
  snd : Pair A B -> B
  

Comments

# End of line comment
(# Delimited comment #)

Syntactic sugar

• Not much of that (at the time being), but the following are equal:

  cons 'A' (cons 'S' (cons 'D' nil))
  
  "ASD"
  

Examples

Function composition

for A : *, B : *, C : *
let compose : (B -> C) -> (A -> B) -> (A -> C) =
  fun g f x ->
    g (f x)
  end

Fold

for A : *, B : *, C : *
let compose : (B -> C) -> (A -> B) -> (A -> C) =
  fun f g a -> f (g a) end


for E : *, R : *
let foldLeft : (R -> E -> R) -> R -> Stream E -> R =
  fun f acc ->
    stream
      (compose (foldLeft f) (f acc))
      acc
  end

Using the loop keyword (which refers to the inner most lambda):

for E : *, R : *
let foldLeft : (R -> E -> R) -> R -> Stream E -> R =
  fun f ->
    fun acc ->
      stream
        (compose loop (f acc))
        acc
    end
  end

QuickSort

# Examples of concat, gt or filter implementations
# can be found in `stdlib.fl`
let qSort : Stream Int -> Stream Int =
  stream
    fun h t ->
      concat
        (qSort (filter (leq h) t))
        (cons h (qSort (filter (gt h) t)))
    end
    nil