refactor: CI workflow optimizations

[ananas-block]

• Add build job + artifact sharing pattern to programs, sdk-tests, rust workflows
• Add lightweight setup-test-runner action for test jobs
• Merge JS+CLI workflows into single workflows with path filtering
• Switch all runners to ubuntu-latest
• Batch cargo check invocations in lint.sh

[coderabbitai]

Important

Review skipped

Review was skipped due to path filters

⛔ Files ignored due to path filters (13)

• .github/actions/setup-test-runner/action.yml is excluded by none and included by none
• .github/workflows/cli-v1.yml is excluded by none and included by none
• .github/workflows/cli-v2.yml is excluded by none and included by none
• .github/workflows/forester-tests.yml is excluded by none and included by none
• .github/workflows/js-cli-v1.yml is excluded by none and included by none
• .github/workflows/js-cli-v2.yml is excluded by none and included by none
• .github/workflows/js.yml is excluded by none and included by none
• .github/workflows/programs.yml is excluded by none and included by none
• .github/workflows/rust.yml is excluded by none and included by none
• .github/workflows/sdk-tests.yml is excluded by none and included by none
• js/compressed-token/CHANGELOG.md is excluded by none and included by none
• js/stateless.js/CHANGELOG.md is excluded by none and included by none
• scripts/lint.sh is excluded by none and included by none

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