From 2a023e495a6a6c46a96b1109cfb08224fe1c0cab Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Tiu <63322884+winter-again@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 30 Jan 2025 18:19:26 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 01/47] Update polars version. First draft of most basic funcs.

---
 .gitignore                 |   1 +
 src/csv_helper/__init__.py |   1 +
 src/csv_helper/impute.py   | 309 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/csv_helper/py.typed    |   0
 uv.lock                    |  17 +-
 5 files changed, 320 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/csv_helper/impute.py
 create mode 100644 src/csv_helper/py.typed

diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 3152050..368f684 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -5,3 +5,4 @@ __pycache__/
 dist/
 sdist/
 test.py
+scratch.py
diff --git a/src/csv_helper/__init__.py b/src/csv_helper/__init__.py
index e69de29..4fb493f 100644
--- a/src/csv_helper/__init__.py
+++ b/src/csv_helper/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+from . import impute
diff --git a/src/csv_helper/impute.py b/src/csv_helper/impute.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..405736c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/csv_helper/impute.py
@@ -0,0 +1,309 @@
+from typing import NamedTuple, TypeAlias
+
+import numpy as np
+import polars as pl
+
+PolarsNumericType: TypeAlias = (
+    pl.Decimal
+    | pl.Float32
+    | pl.Float64
+    | pl.Int8
+    | pl.Int16
+    | pl.Int32
+    | pl.Int64
+    | pl.Int128
+    | pl.UInt8
+    | pl.UInt16
+    | pl.UInt32
+    | pl.UInt64
+)
+
+
+def check(df: pl.DataFrame, fill_cols: list[str], fill_flag: str) -> pl.DataFrame:
+    """
+    Return dataframe with counts and proportion of instances of fill_flag in each of
+    the given fill_cols
+    """
+    for col in fill_cols:
+        if col not in df.columns:
+            raise ValueError(f"Column {col} doesn't exist")
+
+        if not fill_flag_exists(df, col, fill_flag):
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Column {col} doesn't contain any instances of '{fill_flag}'"
+            )
+
+    if len(fill_cols) > 1:
+        return (
+            df.select(fill_cols)
+            .unpivot(variable_name="column", value_name="value")
+            .group_by("column")
+            .agg(
+                count=pl.col("value").filter(pl.col("value") == fill_flag).count(),
+                prop=pl.col("value").filter(pl.col("value") == fill_flag).count()
+                / pl.count(),
+            )
+            .sort("column")
+        )
+    else:
+        fill_col = fill_cols[0]
+        return (
+            df.select(fill_col)
+            .unpivot(variable_name="column", value_name="value")
+            .group_by("column")
+            .agg(
+                count=pl.col("value").filter(pl.col("value") == fill_flag).count(),
+                prop=pl.col("value").filter(pl.col("value") == fill_flag).count()
+                / pl.count(),
+            )
+        )
+
+
+def impute_columns(
+    df: pl.DataFrame,
+    fill_cols: list[str],
+    fill_flag: str,
+    fill_range: tuple[int, int],
+    col_type: PolarsNumericType | None = None,
+    seed: int | None = None,
+) -> pl.DataFrame:
+    """
+    Fill instances of the fill flag (a string) in the given column
+    with random integers in the given range (inclusive).
+
+    If col_type is specified, will attempt to cast the final result
+    of fill_cols to that type. Currently, the only options are
+    Polars numeric types.
+    """
+    for col in fill_cols:
+        if col not in df.columns:
+            raise ValueError(f"Column {col} doesn't exist")
+
+        if not fill_flag_exists(df, col, fill_flag):
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Column {col} doesn't contain any instances of '{fill_flag}'"
+            )
+
+    fill_range_int = parse_fill_range(fill_range)
+
+    if len(fill_cols) > 1:
+        rng = np.random.default_rng(seed)
+        n = (len(fill_cols), df.height)
+        # must gen all nums up front
+        fill_nums = rng.integers(
+            fill_range_int.lb,
+            fill_range_int.ub,
+            size=n,
+            endpoint=True,
+        )
+
+        for col, num in zip(fill_cols, fill_nums):
+            df = df.with_columns(
+                pl.when(pl.col(col) == fill_flag)
+                .then(pl.lit(num))
+                .otherwise(pl.col(col))
+                .alias(col)
+            )
+
+            if col_type is not None:
+                df = df.with_columns(pl.col(col).cast(col_type))
+    else:
+        fill_col = fill_cols[0]
+        # NOTE: this implementation and numpy implementation for filling values are roughly the same speed
+        # with this native impl barely faster
+        df = df.with_columns(
+            pl.when(pl.col(fill_col) == fill_flag)
+            .then(
+                pl.int_range(fill_range_int.lb, fill_range_int.ub + 1).sample(
+                    pl.len(),
+                    with_replacement=True,
+                    seed=seed,
+                )
+            )
+            .otherwise(pl.col(fill_col))
+            .alias(fill_col),
+        )
+
+        if col_type is not None:
+            df = df.with_columns(pl.col(fill_col).cast(col_type))
+
+    return df
+
+
+def impute_columns_lazy(
+    lf: pl.DataFrame | pl.LazyFrame,
+    fill_column: str,
+    fill_flag: str,
+    fill_range: tuple[int, int],
+    seed: int | None = None,
+) -> pl.DataFrame:
+    lf = lf.lazy()
+
+    if fill_column not in lf.collect_schema().names():
+        raise ValueError(f"Column {fill_column} doesn't exist")
+
+    if not fill_flag_exists(lf, fill_column, fill_flag):
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Column {fill_column} doesn't contain any instances of '{fill_flag}'"
+        )
+
+    fill_range_int = parse_fill_range(fill_range)
+
+    df = lf.with_columns(
+        pl.when(pl.col(fill_column) == fill_flag)
+        .then(
+            pl.int_range(fill_range_int.lb, fill_range_int.ub + 1).sample(
+                pl.len(), with_replacement=True
+            )
+        )
+        .otherwise(pl.col(fill_column))
+        .alias(fill_column)
+    ).collect()
+
+    return df
+
+
+def fill_flag_exists(
+    df: pl.DataFrame | pl.LazyFrame, fill_col: str, fill_flag: str
+) -> bool:
+    # TODO: could just do lf = df.lazy() then don't need isinstance()
+    if isinstance(df, pl.DataFrame):
+        return df.select((pl.col(fill_col) == fill_flag).any()).item()
+    else:
+        # TODO: is there another way to check that doesn't materialize lf?
+        return df.select((pl.col(fill_col) == fill_flag).any()).collect().item()
+
+
+class FillRange(NamedTuple):
+    lb: int
+    ub: int
+
+
+def parse_fill_range(fill_range: tuple[int, int]) -> FillRange:
+    if len(fill_range) != 2:
+        raise ValueError("Must only pass 2 values")
+
+    fill_range_int = FillRange(*fill_range)
+    if fill_range_int.lb > fill_range_int.ub:
+        raise ValueError("Lower bound can't be greater than the upper bound")
+
+    return fill_range_int
+
+
+# TODO: difficult to benchmark without reasonably sized data
+def complete_rows(df: pl.DataFrame, columns: list[str]) -> pl.DataFrame:
+    """
+    Generate implicit missing rows based on the unique combinations
+    of the given columns' values. The missing values will be nulls.
+    """
+    df_expand = df.select(pl.col(columns).unique().implode())
+    for col in columns:
+        df_expand = df_expand.explode(col)
+
+    df = df_expand.join(df, on=columns, how="left", coalesce=True)
+    return df
+
+
+def complete_rows_lazy(
+    lf: pl.DataFrame | pl.LazyFrame, columns: list[str]
+) -> pl.DataFrame:
+    lf = lf.lazy()
+    lf_expand = lf.select(pl.col(columns).unique().implode())
+    for col in columns:
+        lf_expand = lf_expand.explode(col)
+
+    df = lf_expand.join(lf, on=columns, how="left", coalesce=True).collect()
+
+    return df
+
+
+def impute_column_pair(
+    df: pl.DataFrame,
+    numerator: str,
+    denominator: str,
+    fill_flag: str,
+    fill_range: tuple[int, int],
+    seed: int | None = None,
+) -> pl.DataFrame:
+    return df
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    import timeit
+
+    print("Benchmarking implementations...")
+
+    repeat = 2
+    number = 100_000
+
+    # NOTE: impute_flag somehow slower? For gen_rows, if instead of passing in a LazyFrame I
+    # take a DataFrame and convert it to LazyFrame inside the func, the times are more comparable
+    # Maybe I'm doing benchmark wrong?
+
+    setup = """
+import polars as pl
+from __main__ import impute_columns
+df = pl.read_csv('../../tests/data/test_impute_data.csv')
+    """
+    t_eager = timeit.repeat(
+        "impute_columns(df, ['cases'], '<=5', (1, 5))",
+        setup=setup,
+        repeat=repeat,
+        number=number,
+    )
+
+    setup = """
+import polars as pl
+from __main__ import impute_columns_lazy
+df = pl.scan_csv('../../tests/data/test_impute_data.csv')
+    """
+    t_lazy = timeit.repeat(
+        "impute_columns_lazy(df, ['cases'], '<=5', (1, 5))",
+        setup=setup,
+        repeat=repeat,
+        number=number,
+    )
+
+    print(f"Min. time of impute.impute_columns(): {min(t_eager)}")
+    print(f"Min. time of impute.impute_columns_lazy(): {min(t_lazy)}")
+
+#     setup = """
+# import polars as pl
+# from __main__ import complete_rows
+# df = pl.DataFrame(
+#     {
+#         "orig": ["France", "France", "UK", "UK", "Spain"],
+#         "dest": ["Japan", "Vietnam", "Japan", "China", "China"],
+#         "year": [2020, 2021, 2019, 2020, 2022],
+#         "value": [1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
+#     }
+# )
+#     """
+#     t_eager = timeit.repeat(
+#         "complete_rows(df, ['orig', 'dest', 'year'])",
+#         setup=setup,
+#         repeat=repeat,
+#         number=number,
+#     )
+#
+#     setup = """
+# import polars as pl
+# from __main__ import complete_rows_lazy
+# df = pl.LazyFrame(
+#     {
+#         "orig": ["France", "France", "UK", "UK", "Spain"],
+#         "dest": ["Japan", "Vietnam", "Japan", "China", "China"],
+#         "year": [2020, 2021, 2019, 2020, 2022],
+#         "value": [1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
+#     }
+# )
+#     """
+#     t_lazy = timeit.repeat(
+#         "complete_rows_lazy(df, ['orig', 'dest', 'year'])",
+#         setup=setup,
+#         repeat=repeat,
+#         number=number,
+#     )
+#
+#     print(f"Min. time of impute.complete_rows(): {min(t_eager)}")
+#     print(f"Min. time of impute.complete_rows_lazy(): {min(t_lazy)}")
diff --git a/src/csv_helper/py.typed b/src/csv_helper/py.typed
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
diff --git a/uv.lock b/uv.lock
index 79e8a46..2c59e96 100644
--- a/uv.lock
+++ b/uv.lock
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ name = "click"
 version = "8.1.7"
 source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
 dependencies = [
-    { name = "colorama", marker = "platform_system == 'Windows'" },
+    { name = "colorama", marker = "sys_platform == 'win32'" },
 ]
 sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/96/d3/f04c7bfcf5c1862a2a5b845c6b2b360488cf47af55dfa79c98f6a6bf98b5/click-8.1.7.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ca9853ad459e787e2192211578cc907e7594e294c7ccc834310722b41b9ca6de", size = 336121 }
 wheels = [
@@ -196,15 +196,16 @@ wheels = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "polars"
-version = "1.16.0"
+version = "1.21.0"
 source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
-sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/43/80/d845897273be97a3e73b59be711deda375b638330d591a7ef8132c20f52f/polars-1.16.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:dd99808b833872babe02434a809fd45c1cffe66a3d57123cdc5e447c7753d328", size = 4192568 }
+sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/98/49/3733f0a34fd2504264579bad2c66021e175ab548b21767340721e10a1dcf/polars-1.21.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:7692d0fe0fb4faac18ef9423de55789e289f4d3f26d42519bd23ef8afb672d62", size = 4323012 }
 wheels = [
-    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/8e/b0/51c944ecd58b3ebc81eb03b50448127ff85fd9448063094524e0c6693c75/polars-1.16.0-cp39-abi3-macosx_10_12_x86_64.whl", hash = "sha256:072f5ff3b5fe05797c59890de0e464b34ede75a9735e7d7221622fa3a0616d8e", size = 34735038 },
-    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/61/2f/d0b45007f2ae4b4926070b420c8525840b9757013cd96077bcde40807ecb/polars-1.16.0-cp39-abi3-macosx_11_0_arm64.whl", hash = "sha256:ebaf7a1ea114b042fa9f1cd17d49436279eb30545dd74361a2f5e3febeb867cd", size = 30577461 },
-    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/31/9e/21e05959323883abcee799837d8cac08adf10a48c233432993757e41791a/polars-1.16.0-cp39-abi3-manylinux_2_17_x86_64.manylinux2014_x86_64.whl", hash = "sha256:e626d21dcd2566e1442dac414fe177bc70ebfc2f16620d59d778b1b774361018", size = 36006233 },
-    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/25/80/da5c3cd248c7642d1feb896f0a27a0860c607f8cdde3e75457182e4c76c6/polars-1.16.0-cp39-abi3-manylinux_2_24_aarch64.whl", hash = "sha256:53debcce55f68731ee2c7d6c787afdee26860ed6576f1ffa0cb9111b57f82857", size = 32348398 },
-    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/08/0b/677c905f9dd5bc37708694e8f7367659c5382bd011f5dc1d564474032d0b/polars-1.16.0-cp39-abi3-win_amd64.whl", hash = "sha256:17efcb550c42d51034ff79702612b9184d8eac0d500de1dd7fb98490459276d3", size = 35743314 },
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/d4/c3/976f0251e96c957143905530b236f1e278b28a8eb5850eab94595bf5d220/polars-1.21.0-cp39-abi3-macosx_10_12_x86_64.whl", hash = "sha256:063f8807f633f8fd15458a43971d930f6ee568b8e95936d7736c9054fc4f6f52", size = 31015281 },
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/94/33/c55c19dde172e34dd7a5074a1dcac6472074236131698269db236550283e/polars-1.21.0-cp39-abi3-macosx_11_0_arm64.whl", hash = "sha256:519863e0990e3323e7a32fc66bac3ad9da51938a1ffce6c09a92e0b1adb026a5", size = 28033973 },
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/da/72/b108cd7e063f03f5b029edbd73ca514291dd3e3d88617965d09df64d71ba/polars-1.21.0-cp39-abi3-manylinux_2_17_x86_64.manylinux2014_x86_64.whl", hash = "sha256:bbecddca35c57efde99070517db5d2c63d4c6d0e3c992123ba3be93e86e7bfac", size = 31641844 },
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/ac/0a/1df51a9e09fb9974a511eb098e13afed916e8643556799799884f22c7869/polars-1.21.0-cp39-abi3-manylinux_2_24_aarch64.whl", hash = "sha256:d9ce8e6f0d8140e67b0f7c276d22bb5f3345ce7412558643c8b5c270db254b64", size = 29005158 },
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/90/4b/f75f0eb9527c943440c6ed90be7e97146a00699fee69f9d5aff577f15659/polars-1.21.0-cp39-abi3-win_amd64.whl", hash = "sha256:c4517abb008af890e4ca8fb6bb0372868381017af0ecadf9d062e2f91f50b276", size = 31729901 },
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/e6/a0/d48548f4c9e139b02eacfc074bfd02d98d9bb5f9bf9c03ec5649a481d8ff/polars-1.21.0-cp39-abi3-win_arm64.whl", hash = "sha256:6bb0ba805defb05b76fdca392e48d84d1f16403de5be25d4dd8cdc7fccfd4251", size = 28179572 },
 ]
 
 [[package]]

From 1a8885059cb248fc53bc3c140ba7bf9099b0e13e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Tiu <63322884+winter-again@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 8 Mar 2025 14:27:55 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 02/47] Draft of lib funcs

---
 .gitignore               |   1 +
 src/csv_helper/impute.py | 236 ++++++++++++++++++---------------------
 2 files changed, 107 insertions(+), 130 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 368f684..4fbdf0d 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -6,3 +6,4 @@ dist/
 sdist/
 test.py
 scratch.py
+co-est2023-alldata.csv
diff --git a/src/csv_helper/impute.py b/src/csv_helper/impute.py
index 405736c..a0c06be 100644
--- a/src/csv_helper/impute.py
+++ b/src/csv_helper/impute.py
@@ -1,28 +1,14 @@
-from typing import NamedTuple, TypeAlias
+from typing import NamedTuple
 
 import numpy as np
 import polars as pl
-
-PolarsNumericType: TypeAlias = (
-    pl.Decimal
-    | pl.Float32
-    | pl.Float64
-    | pl.Int8
-    | pl.Int16
-    | pl.Int32
-    | pl.Int64
-    | pl.Int128
-    | pl.UInt8
-    | pl.UInt16
-    | pl.UInt32
-    | pl.UInt64
-)
+from polars._typing import PolarsDataType
 
 
 def check(df: pl.DataFrame, fill_cols: list[str], fill_flag: str) -> pl.DataFrame:
     """
-    Return dataframe with counts and proportion of instances of fill_flag in each of
-    the given fill_cols
+    Return dataframe with counts and proportion of instances of `fill_flag` in each of
+    the given `fill_cols`
     """
     for col in fill_cols:
         if col not in df.columns:
@@ -45,18 +31,18 @@ def check(df: pl.DataFrame, fill_cols: list[str], fill_flag: str) -> pl.DataFram
             )
             .sort("column")
         )
-    else:
-        fill_col = fill_cols[0]
-        return (
-            df.select(fill_col)
-            .unpivot(variable_name="column", value_name="value")
-            .group_by("column")
-            .agg(
-                count=pl.col("value").filter(pl.col("value") == fill_flag).count(),
-                prop=pl.col("value").filter(pl.col("value") == fill_flag).count()
-                / pl.count(),
-            )
+
+    fill_col = fill_cols[0]
+    return (
+        df.select(fill_col)
+        .unpivot(variable_name="column", value_name="value")
+        .group_by("column")
+        .agg(
+            count=pl.col("value").filter(pl.col("value") == fill_flag).count(),
+            prop=pl.col("value").filter(pl.col("value") == fill_flag).count()
+            / pl.count(),
         )
+    )
 
 
 def impute_columns(
@@ -64,16 +50,15 @@ def impute_columns(
     fill_cols: list[str],
     fill_flag: str,
     fill_range: tuple[int, int],
-    col_type: PolarsNumericType | None = None,
+    col_type: PolarsDataType = pl.Int64,
     seed: int | None = None,
 ) -> pl.DataFrame:
     """
-    Fill instances of the fill flag (a string) in the given column
+    Fill instances of `fill_flag` (a string) in the given column
     with random integers in the given range (inclusive).
 
-    If col_type is specified, will attempt to cast the final result
-    of fill_cols to that type. Currently, the only options are
-    Polars numeric types.
+    If `col_type` is specified, will attempt to cast the final result
+    of `fill_cols` to that Polars type.
     """
     for col in fill_cols:
         if col not in df.columns:
@@ -89,7 +74,7 @@ def impute_columns(
     if len(fill_cols) > 1:
         rng = np.random.default_rng(seed)
         n = (len(fill_cols), df.height)
-        # must gen all nums up front
+        # must gen enough numbers for whole column up-front, otherwise reused
         fill_nums = rng.integers(
             fill_range_int.lb,
             fill_range_int.ub,
@@ -103,46 +88,43 @@ def impute_columns(
                 .then(pl.lit(num))
                 .otherwise(pl.col(col))
                 .alias(col)
+                .cast(col_type)
             )
-
-            if col_type is not None:
-                df = df.with_columns(pl.col(col).cast(col_type))
     else:
         fill_col = fill_cols[0]
         # NOTE: this implementation and numpy implementation for filling values are roughly the same speed
-        # with this native impl barely faster
+        # with this Polars-only impl barely faster
         df = df.with_columns(
             pl.when(pl.col(fill_col) == fill_flag)
             .then(
                 pl.int_range(fill_range_int.lb, fill_range_int.ub + 1).sample(
-                    pl.len(),
-                    with_replacement=True,
-                    seed=seed,
+                    pl.len(), with_replacement=True, seed=seed
                 )
             )
             .otherwise(pl.col(fill_col))
-            .alias(fill_col),
+            .alias(fill_col)
+            .cast(col_type)
         )
 
-        if col_type is not None:
-            df = df.with_columns(pl.col(fill_col).cast(col_type))
-
     return df
 
 
-def impute_columns_lazy(
+def _impute_columns_lazy(
     lf: pl.DataFrame | pl.LazyFrame,
     fill_column: str,
     fill_flag: str,
     fill_range: tuple[int, int],
     seed: int | None = None,
 ) -> pl.DataFrame:
+    """
+    Experimental with Lazy
+    """
     lf = lf.lazy()
 
     if fill_column not in lf.collect_schema().names():
         raise ValueError(f"Column {fill_column} doesn't exist")
 
-    if not fill_flag_exists(lf, fill_column, fill_flag):
+    if not _fill_flag_exists_lazy(lf, fill_column, fill_flag):
         raise ValueError(
             f"Column {fill_column} doesn't contain any instances of '{fill_flag}'"
         )
@@ -153,7 +135,7 @@ def impute_columns_lazy(
         pl.when(pl.col(fill_column) == fill_flag)
         .then(
             pl.int_range(fill_range_int.lb, fill_range_int.ub + 1).sample(
-                pl.len(), with_replacement=True
+                pl.len(), with_replacement=True, seed=seed
             )
         )
         .otherwise(pl.col(fill_column))
@@ -163,15 +145,15 @@ def impute_columns_lazy(
     return df
 
 
-def fill_flag_exists(
+def fill_flag_exists(df: pl.DataFrame, fill_col: str, fill_flag: str) -> bool:
+    return df.select((pl.col(fill_col) == fill_flag).any()).item()
+
+
+def _fill_flag_exists_lazy(
     df: pl.DataFrame | pl.LazyFrame, fill_col: str, fill_flag: str
 ) -> bool:
-    # TODO: could just do lf = df.lazy() then don't need isinstance()
-    if isinstance(df, pl.DataFrame):
-        return df.select((pl.col(fill_col) == fill_flag).any()).item()
-    else:
-        # TODO: is there another way to check that doesn't materialize lf?
-        return df.select((pl.col(fill_col) == fill_flag).any()).collect().item()
+    lf = df.lazy()
+    return lf.select((pl.col(fill_col) == fill_flag).any()).collect().item()
 
 
 class FillRange(NamedTuple):
@@ -190,7 +172,8 @@ def parse_fill_range(fill_range: tuple[int, int]) -> FillRange:
     return fill_range_int
 
 
-# TODO: difficult to benchmark without reasonably sized data
+# TODO: instead of relying on .unique(), can allow user-defined mapping from col name
+# to list of possible values?
 def complete_rows(df: pl.DataFrame, columns: list[str]) -> pl.DataFrame:
     """
     Generate implicit missing rows based on the unique combinations
@@ -201,10 +184,11 @@ def complete_rows(df: pl.DataFrame, columns: list[str]) -> pl.DataFrame:
         df_expand = df_expand.explode(col)
 
     df = df_expand.join(df, on=columns, how="left", coalesce=True)
+
     return df
 
 
-def complete_rows_lazy(
+def _complete_rows_lazy(
     lf: pl.DataFrame | pl.LazyFrame, columns: list[str]
 ) -> pl.DataFrame:
     lf = lf.lazy()
@@ -223,87 +207,79 @@ def impute_column_pair(
     denominator: str,
     fill_flag: str,
     fill_range: tuple[int, int],
+    col_type: PolarsDataType = pl.Int64,
     seed: int | None = None,
 ) -> pl.DataFrame:
-    return df
+    """
+    Fill instances of the fill_flag in both the numerator column
+    and the denominator column such that numerator <= denominator.
 
+    If col_type is specified, will attempt to cast the final result
+    of fill_cols to that type. Currently, the only options are
+    Polars numeric types.
+    """
+    # TODO: this should also handle denom being in another file like the CLI
+    # command?
 
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    import timeit
+    if numerator not in df.columns:
+        raise ValueError(f"Column {numerator} doesn't exist")
 
-    print("Benchmarking implementations...")
+    if denominator not in df.columns:
+        raise ValueError(f"Column {numerator} doesn't exist")
 
-    repeat = 2
-    number = 100_000
+    if not fill_flag_exists(df, numerator, fill_flag):
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Column {numerator} doesn't contain any instances of '{fill_flag}'"
+        )
 
-    # NOTE: impute_flag somehow slower? For gen_rows, if instead of passing in a LazyFrame I
-    # take a DataFrame and convert it to LazyFrame inside the func, the times are more comparable
-    # Maybe I'm doing benchmark wrong?
+    if not fill_flag_exists(df, denominator, fill_flag):
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Column {denominator} doesn't contain any instances of '{fill_flag}'"
+        )
 
-    setup = """
-import polars as pl
-from __main__ import impute_columns
-df = pl.read_csv('../../tests/data/test_impute_data.csv')
-    """
-    t_eager = timeit.repeat(
-        "impute_columns(df, ['cases'], '<=5', (1, 5))",
-        setup=setup,
-        repeat=repeat,
-        number=number,
+    fill_range_int = parse_fill_range(fill_range)
+
+    # TODO: I think repeated use of the same seed is undesirable
+    df = df.with_columns(
+        pl.when(pl.col(denominator) == fill_flag)
+        .then(
+            pl.int_range(fill_range_int.lb, fill_range_int.ub + 1).sample(
+                pl.len(),
+                with_replacement=True,
+                seed=seed,
+            )
+        )
+        .otherwise(pl.col(denominator))
+        .alias(denominator)
+        .cast(col_type)
     )
 
-    setup = """
-import polars as pl
-from __main__ import impute_columns_lazy
-df = pl.scan_csv('../../tests/data/test_impute_data.csv')
-    """
-    t_lazy = timeit.repeat(
-        "impute_columns_lazy(df, ['cases'], '<=5', (1, 5))",
-        setup=setup,
-        repeat=repeat,
-        number=number,
+    df = df.with_columns(
+        # TODO: use list b/c no arr.sample() what about struct perf?
+        pl.when(
+            (pl.col(numerator) == fill_flag)
+            & (pl.col(denominator) <= fill_range_int.ub)
+        )
+        .then(
+            pl.int_ranges(fill_range_int.lb, pl.col(denominator) + 1)
+            # TODO: use of seed?
+            .list.sample(1)
+            .explode()
+        )
+        .when(
+            (pl.col(numerator) == fill_flag) & (pl.col(denominator) > fill_range_int.ub)
+        )
+        .then(
+            pl.int_range(fill_range_int.lb, fill_range_int.ub + 1).sample(
+                # TODO: use of seed?
+                pl.len(),
+                with_replacement=True,
+                seed=seed,
+            )
+        )
+        .otherwise(pl.col(numerator))
+        .alias(numerator)
+        .cast(pl.Int64)
     )
 
-    print(f"Min. time of impute.impute_columns(): {min(t_eager)}")
-    print(f"Min. time of impute.impute_columns_lazy(): {min(t_lazy)}")
-
-#     setup = """
-# import polars as pl
-# from __main__ import complete_rows
-# df = pl.DataFrame(
-#     {
-#         "orig": ["France", "France", "UK", "UK", "Spain"],
-#         "dest": ["Japan", "Vietnam", "Japan", "China", "China"],
-#         "year": [2020, 2021, 2019, 2020, 2022],
-#         "value": [1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
-#     }
-# )
-#     """
-#     t_eager = timeit.repeat(
-#         "complete_rows(df, ['orig', 'dest', 'year'])",
-#         setup=setup,
-#         repeat=repeat,
-#         number=number,
-#     )
-#
-#     setup = """
-# import polars as pl
-# from __main__ import complete_rows_lazy
-# df = pl.LazyFrame(
-#     {
-#         "orig": ["France", "France", "UK", "UK", "Spain"],
-#         "dest": ["Japan", "Vietnam", "Japan", "China", "China"],
-#         "year": [2020, 2021, 2019, 2020, 2022],
-#         "value": [1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
-#     }
-# )
-#     """
-#     t_lazy = timeit.repeat(
-#         "complete_rows_lazy(df, ['orig', 'dest', 'year'])",
-#         setup=setup,
-#         repeat=repeat,
-#         number=number,
-#     )
-#
-#     print(f"Min. time of impute.complete_rows(): {min(t_eager)}")
-#     print(f"Min. time of impute.complete_rows_lazy(): {min(t_lazy)}")
+    return df

From aa4b1b9c44c92cd850097f4c2a13353f4dcb6625 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Tiu <63322884+winter-again@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 11 Mar 2025 17:32:45 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 03/47] Add complete_total_rows() and complete_present_rows()
 functions.

---
 README.md                |  2 +-
 src/csv_helper/impute.py | 29 +++++++++++++++++++++++++----
 2 files changed, 26 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 994ea61..5323329 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -13,6 +13,6 @@ pip install git+https://git@github.com/winter-again/csv-helper
 # or via SSH
 pip install git+ssh://git@github.com/winter-again/csv-helper
 
-# designate specific version
+# designate specific version tag or branch
 pip install git+ssh://git@github.com/winter-again/csv-helper.git@v0.1.0
 ```
diff --git a/src/csv_helper/impute.py b/src/csv_helper/impute.py
index a0c06be..20e3bdd 100644
--- a/src/csv_helper/impute.py
+++ b/src/csv_helper/impute.py
@@ -172,11 +172,32 @@ def parse_fill_range(fill_range: tuple[int, int]) -> FillRange:
     return fill_range_int
 
 
-# TODO: instead of relying on .unique(), can allow user-defined mapping from col name
-# to list of possible values?
-def complete_rows(df: pl.DataFrame, columns: list[str]) -> pl.DataFrame:
+def complete_total_rows(df: pl.DataFrame, columns: list[pl.Series]) -> pl.DataFrame:
     """
-    Generate implicit missing rows based on the unique combinations
+    Generate missing rows based on unique combinations of the
+    given list of series. The missing values will be nulls.
+    """
+    lfs = [pl.LazyFrame(col.unique()) for col in columns]
+    combos = lfs[0]
+    for lf in lfs[1:]:
+        combos = combos.join(lf, how="cross")
+
+    df_combos = combos.collect()
+
+    col_names = [col.name for col in columns]
+    df = df_combos.join(
+        df,
+        on=col_names,
+        how="left",
+        validate="1:1",
+    )
+
+    return df
+
+
+def complete_present_rows(df: pl.DataFrame, columns: list[str]) -> pl.DataFrame:
+    """
+    Generate missing rows based on the unique combinations
     of the given columns' values. The missing values will be nulls.
     """
     df_expand = df.select(pl.col(columns).unique().implode())

From b044153b0b25c884aeaa862242c13dbe99de82a7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Tiu <63322884+winter-again@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 8 Apr 2025 19:48:24 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 04/47] Experiment with requesting helper data

---
 pyproject.toml           |   1 +
 src/csv_helper/census.py | 107 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/csv_helper/impute.py |   2 +
 uv.lock                  |  92 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 4 files changed, 202 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 src/csv_helper/census.py

diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index 3af0b9b..4e4ea3e 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ dependencies = [
     "typer>=0.12.3",
     "polars>=1.4.1",
     "numpy>=2.0.1",
+    "requests>=2.32.3",
 ]
 
 [project.scripts]
diff --git a/src/csv_helper/census.py b/src/csv_helper/census.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..24d68ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/csv_helper/census.py
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+from io import StringIO
+from pathlib import Path
+
+import polars as pl
+import requests
+
+OUT = Path(__file__).parents[2]
+
+
+def main() -> int:
+    df = get_census_popn("state", ".")
+    with pl.Config(tbl_cols=-1):
+        print(df)
+
+    return 0
+
+
+# TODO: should consider the county FIPS changes over time, boundary changes, etc.
+# TODO: irregular data availability and naming schemes mean it's impossible to generalize this?
+# TODO: sep function or just state?
+def get_census_popn(geo: str, out: str | Path | None = None) -> pl.DataFrame:
+    """
+    Request and return state or county population data from Census Bureau's
+    FTP site. Restricted to 2020-2023 dataset, which has data from
+    2020 to 2023. Also takes optional path to a directory in which
+    to save the raw data.
+    """
+    # TODO: this county file actually has state data too so could just it for both?
+    # but then we're throwing away most of it so inefficient
+    arg_mapper = {
+        "state": ("2020-2023", "state", "NST-EST2023-ALLDATA"),
+        "county": ("2020-2023", "counties", "co-est2023-alldata"),
+    }
+
+    time, geo, file_name = arg_mapper[geo]
+    url = f"https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/{time}/{geo}/totals/{file_name}.csv"
+
+    try:
+        req = requests.get(url)
+        req.raise_for_status()
+    except requests.exceptions.HTTPError:
+        print("HTTP error while requesting")
+        raise
+    except requests.exceptions.RequestException:
+        print("Some fatal request error")
+        raise
+
+    if out is not None:
+        out = Path(out)
+        if not out.is_dir():
+            raise ValueError(f"Directory at {out} doesn't exist")
+
+        with open(out / f"{file_name}.csv", "w") as f:
+            f.write(req.text)
+
+    with StringIO(req.text) as f:
+        lf = pl.scan_csv(f, schema_overrides={"STATE": pl.String, "COUNTY": pl.String})
+
+    invalid_states = ["60", "66", "69", "72", "74", "78"]
+    df = (
+        lf.select(
+            "STATE",
+            "COUNTY",
+            "STNAME",
+            "CTYNAME",
+            "POPESTIMATE2020",
+            "POPESTIMATE2021",
+            "POPESTIMATE2022",
+            "POPESTIMATE2023",
+        )
+        .filter(
+            pl.col("COUNTY") != "000",
+            ~pl.col("STATE").is_in(invalid_states),
+        )
+        .with_columns(county_fips=pl.col("STATE") + pl.col("COUNTY"))
+        .drop("STATE", "COUNTY")
+        .rename(
+            {
+                "STNAME": "state_name",
+                "CTYNAME": "county_name",
+                "POPESTIMATE2020": "popn_2020",
+                "POPESTIMATE2021": "popn_2021",
+                "POPESTIMATE2022": "popn_2022",
+                "POPESTIMATE2023": "popn_2023",
+            }
+        )
+        .select(
+            "state_name",
+            "county_name",
+            "county_fips",
+            "popn_2020",
+            "popn_2021",
+            "popn_2022",
+            "popn_2023",
+        )
+        .collect()
+    )
+
+    assert df.select(pl.col("county_fips").n_unique()).item() == df.height, (
+        "Expected to have one row per county FIPS"
+    )
+
+    return df
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    raise SystemExit(main())
diff --git a/src/csv_helper/impute.py b/src/csv_helper/impute.py
index 20e3bdd..7e1e868 100644
--- a/src/csv_helper/impute.py
+++ b/src/csv_helper/impute.py
@@ -45,6 +45,8 @@ def check(df: pl.DataFrame, fill_cols: list[str], fill_flag: str) -> pl.DataFram
     )
 
 
+# TODO: instead of separate lazy func, let this take df or lf
+# or have bool arg that determines whether .lazy() conversion happens?
 def impute_columns(
     df: pl.DataFrame,
     fill_cols: list[str],
diff --git a/uv.lock b/uv.lock
index 2c59e96..d98828c 100644
--- a/uv.lock
+++ b/uv.lock
@@ -10,6 +10,15 @@ wheels = [
     { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/a4/07/14f8ad37f2d12a5ce41206c21820d8cb6561b728e51fad4530dff0552a67/cachetools-5.5.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:02134e8439cdc2ffb62023ce1debca2944c3f289d66bb17ead3ab3dede74b292", size = 9524 },
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "certifi"
+version = "2025.1.31"
+source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
+sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/1c/ab/c9f1e32b7b1bf505bf26f0ef697775960db7932abeb7b516de930ba2705f/certifi-2025.1.31.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:3d5da6925056f6f18f119200434a4780a94263f10d1c21d032a6f6b2baa20651", size = 167577 }
+wheels = [
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/38/fc/bce832fd4fd99766c04d1ee0eead6b0ec6486fb100ae5e74c1d91292b982/certifi-2025.1.31-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:ca78db4565a652026a4db2bcdf68f2fb589ea80d0be70e03929ed730746b84fe", size = 166393 },
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "chardet"
 version = "5.2.0"
@@ -19,6 +28,54 @@ wheels = [
     { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/38/6f/f5fbc992a329ee4e0f288c1fe0e2ad9485ed064cac731ed2fe47dcc38cbf/chardet-5.2.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:e1cf59446890a00105fe7b7912492ea04b6e6f06d4b742b2c788469e34c82970", size = 199385 },
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "charset-normalizer"
+version = "3.4.1"
+source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
+sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/16/b0/572805e227f01586461c80e0fd25d65a2115599cc9dad142fee4b747c357/charset_normalizer-3.4.1.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:44251f18cd68a75b56585dd00dae26183e102cd5e0f9f1466e6df5da2ed64ea3", size = 123188 }
+wheels = [
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/72/80/41ef5d5a7935d2d3a773e3eaebf0a9350542f2cab4eac59a7a4741fbbbbe/charset_normalizer-3.4.1-cp311-cp311-macosx_10_9_universal2.whl", hash = "sha256:8bfa33f4f2672964266e940dd22a195989ba31669bd84629f05fab3ef4e2d125", size = 194995 },
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/7a/28/0b9fefa7b8b080ec492110af6d88aa3dea91c464b17d53474b6e9ba5d2c5/charset_normalizer-3.4.1-cp311-cp311-manylinux_2_17_aarch64.manylinux2014_aarch64.whl", hash = "sha256:28bf57629c75e810b6ae989f03c0828d64d6b26a5e205535585f96093e405ed1", size = 139471 },
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/71/64/d24ab1a997efb06402e3fc07317e94da358e2585165930d9d59ad45fcae2/charset_normalizer-3.4.1-cp311-cp311-manylinux_2_17_ppc64le.manylinux2014_ppc64le.whl", hash = "sha256:f08ff5e948271dc7e18a35641d2f11a4cd8dfd5634f55228b691e62b37125eb3", size = 149831 },
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/37/ed/be39e5258e198655240db5e19e0b11379163ad7070962d6b0c87ed2c4d39/charset_normalizer-3.4.1-cp311-cp311-manylinux_2_17_s390x.manylinux2014_s390x.whl", hash = "sha256:234ac59ea147c59ee4da87a0c0f098e9c8d169f4dc2a159ef720f1a61bbe27cd", size = 142335 },
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/88/83/489e9504711fa05d8dde1574996408026bdbdbd938f23be67deebb5eca92/charset_normalizer-3.4.1-cp311-cp311-manylinux_2_17_x86_64.manylinux2014_x86_64.whl", hash = "sha256:fd4ec41f914fa74ad1b8304bbc634b3de73d2a0889bd32076342a573e0779e00", size = 143862 },
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/c6/c7/32da20821cf387b759ad24627a9aca289d2822de929b8a41b6241767b461/charset_normalizer-3.4.1-cp311-cp311-manylinux_2_5_i686.manylinux1_i686.manylinux_2_17_i686.manylinux2014_i686.whl", hash = "sha256:eea6ee1db730b3483adf394ea72f808b6e18cf3cb6454b4d86e04fa8c4327a12", size = 145673 },
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/68/85/f4288e96039abdd5aeb5c546fa20a37b50da71b5cf01e75e87f16cd43304/charset_normalizer-3.4.1-cp311-cp311-musllinux_1_2_aarch64.whl", hash = "sha256:c96836c97b1238e9c9e3fe90844c947d5afbf4f4c92762679acfe19927d81d77", size = 140211 },
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/28/a3/a42e70d03cbdabc18997baf4f0227c73591a08041c149e710045c281f97b/charset_normalizer-3.4.1-cp311-cp311-musllinux_1_2_i686.whl", hash = "sha256:4d86f7aff21ee58f26dcf5ae81a9addbd914115cdebcbb2217e4f0ed8982e146", size = 148039 },
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/85/e4/65699e8ab3014ecbe6f5c71d1a55d810fb716bbfd74f6283d5c2aa87febf/charset_normalizer-3.4.1-cp311-cp311-musllinux_1_2_ppc64le.whl", hash = "sha256:09b5e6733cbd160dcc09589227187e242a30a49ca5cefa5a7edd3f9d19ed53fd", size = 151939 },
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/b1/82/8e9fe624cc5374193de6860aba3ea8070f584c8565ee77c168ec13274bd2/charset_normalizer-3.4.1-cp311-cp311-musllinux_1_2_s390x.whl", hash = "sha256:5777ee0881f9499ed0f71cc82cf873d9a0ca8af166dfa0af8ec4e675b7df48e6", size = 149075 },
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+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/27/f2/4f9a69cc7712b9b5ad8fdb87039fd89abba997ad5cbe690d1835d40405b0/charset_normalizer-3.4.1-cp313-cp313-win_amd64.whl", hash = "sha256:b1ac5992a838106edb89654e0aebfc24f5848ae2547d22c2c3f66454daa11971", size = 102702 },
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/0e/f6/65ecc6878a89bb1c23a086ea335ad4bf21a588990c3f535a227b9eea9108/charset_normalizer-3.4.1-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:d98b1668f06378c6dbefec3b92299716b931cd4e6061f3c875a71ced1780ab85", size = 49767 },
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "click"
 version = "8.1.7"
@@ -47,6 +104,7 @@ source = { editable = "." }
 dependencies = [
     { name = "numpy" },
     { name = "polars" },
+    { name = "requests" },
     { name = "typer" },
 ]
 
@@ -61,6 +119,7 @@ dev = [
 requires-dist = [
     { name = "numpy", specifier = ">=2.0.1" },
     { name = "polars", specifier = ">=1.4.1" },
+    { name = "requests", specifier = ">=2.32.3" },
     { name = "typer", specifier = ">=0.12.3" },
 ]
 
@@ -89,6 +148,15 @@ wheels = [
     { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/b9/f8/feced7779d755758a52d1f6635d990b8d98dc0a29fa568bbe0625f18fdf3/filelock-3.16.1-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:2082e5703d51fbf98ea75855d9d5527e33d8ff23099bec374a134febee6946b0", size = 16163 },
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "idna"
+version = "3.10"
+source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
+sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/f1/70/7703c29685631f5a7590aa73f1f1d3fa9a380e654b86af429e0934a32f7d/idna-3.10.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:12f65c9b470abda6dc35cf8e63cc574b1c52b11df2c86030af0ac09b01b13ea9", size = 190490 }
+wheels = [
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/76/c6/c88e154df9c4e1a2a66ccf0005a88dfb2650c1dffb6f5ce603dfbd452ce3/idna-3.10-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:946d195a0d259cbba61165e88e65941f16e9b36ea6ddb97f00452bae8b1287d3", size = 70442 },
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "iniconfig"
 version = "2.0.0"
@@ -244,6 +312,21 @@ wheels = [
     { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/6b/77/7440a06a8ead44c7757a64362dd22df5760f9b12dc5f11b6188cd2fc27a0/pytest-8.3.3-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:a6853c7375b2663155079443d2e45de913a911a11d669df02a50814944db57b2", size = 342341 },
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "requests"
+version = "2.32.3"
+source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
+dependencies = [
+    { name = "certifi" },
+    { name = "charset-normalizer" },
+    { name = "idna" },
+    { name = "urllib3" },
+]
+sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/63/70/2bf7780ad2d390a8d301ad0b550f1581eadbd9a20f896afe06353c2a2913/requests-2.32.3.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:55365417734eb18255590a9ff9eb97e9e1da868d4ccd6402399eaf68af20a760", size = 131218 }
+wheels = [
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/f9/9b/335f9764261e915ed497fcdeb11df5dfd6f7bf257d4a6a2a686d80da4d54/requests-2.32.3-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:70761cfe03c773ceb22aa2f671b4757976145175cdfca038c02654d061d6dcc6", size = 64928 },
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "rich"
 version = "13.9.4"
@@ -324,6 +407,15 @@ wheels = [
     { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/26/9f/ad63fc0248c5379346306f8668cda6e2e2e9c95e01216d2b8ffd9ff037d0/typing_extensions-4.12.2-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:04e5ca0351e0f3f85c6853954072df659d0d13fac324d0072316b67d7794700d", size = 37438 },
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "urllib3"
+version = "2.3.0"
+source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
+sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/aa/63/e53da845320b757bf29ef6a9062f5c669fe997973f966045cb019c3f4b66/urllib3-2.3.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:f8c5449b3cf0861679ce7e0503c7b44b5ec981bec0d1d3795a07f1ba96f0204d", size = 307268 }
+wheels = [
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/c8/19/4ec628951a74043532ca2cf5d97b7b14863931476d117c471e8e2b1eb39f/urllib3-2.3.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:1cee9ad369867bfdbbb48b7dd50374c0967a0bb7710050facf0dd6911440e3df", size = 128369 },
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "uv"
 version = "0.5.5"

From 1c5d5f09d99d430d2bdf13ad52b7013e2fe90157 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Tiu <63322884+winter-again@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 20 May 2025 16:42:33 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 05/47] Overhaul complete() function. Should be generic over
 DataFrame and LazyFrame. Added some simple tests.

---
 src/csv_helper/impute.py | 78 ++++++++++++++--------------------
 tests/complete_test.py   | 92 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 125 insertions(+), 45 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 tests/complete_test.py

diff --git a/src/csv_helper/impute.py b/src/csv_helper/impute.py
index 7e1e868..1833553 100644
--- a/src/csv_helper/impute.py
+++ b/src/csv_helper/impute.py
@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
-from typing import NamedTuple
+from typing import Any, NamedTuple, TypeVar
 
 import numpy as np
 import polars as pl
 from polars._typing import PolarsDataType
 
 
+# TODO: make this a check func that returns bool instead?
+# and separate this into another func like summarize()?
 def check(df: pl.DataFrame, fill_cols: list[str], fill_flag: str) -> pl.DataFrame:
     """
     Return dataframe with counts and proportion of instances of `fill_flag` in each of
@@ -47,6 +49,7 @@ def check(df: pl.DataFrame, fill_cols: list[str], fill_flag: str) -> pl.DataFram
 
 # TODO: instead of separate lazy func, let this take df or lf
 # or have bool arg that determines whether .lazy() conversion happens?
+# TODO: add asserts for shape?
 def impute_columns(
     df: pl.DataFrame,
     fill_cols: list[str],
@@ -174,54 +177,38 @@ def parse_fill_range(fill_range: tuple[int, int]) -> FillRange:
     return fill_range_int
 
 
-def complete_total_rows(df: pl.DataFrame, columns: list[pl.Series]) -> pl.DataFrame:
-    """
-    Generate missing rows based on unique combinations of the
-    given list of series. The missing values will be nulls.
-    """
-    lfs = [pl.LazyFrame(col.unique()) for col in columns]
-    combos = lfs[0]
-    for lf in lfs[1:]:
-        combos = combos.join(lf, how="cross")
-
-    df_combos = combos.collect()
-
-    col_names = [col.name for col in columns]
-    df = df_combos.join(
-        df,
-        on=col_names,
-        how="left",
-        validate="1:1",
-    )
-
-    return df
+TFrame = TypeVar("TFrame", pl.DataFrame, pl.LazyFrame)
 
 
-def complete_present_rows(df: pl.DataFrame, columns: list[str]) -> pl.DataFrame:
+def complete(df: TFrame, *columns: str | pl.Series) -> TFrame:
     """
-    Generate missing rows based on the unique combinations
-    of the given columns' values. The missing values will be nulls.
-    """
-    df_expand = df.select(pl.col(columns).unique().implode())
-    for col in columns:
-        df_expand = df_expand.explode(col)
-
-    df = df_expand.join(df, on=columns, how="left", coalesce=True)
-
-    return df
+    Generate rows for implicit missing values based on column combinations,
+    thus making them explicit missing values. Generated values marked as null.
 
-
-def _complete_rows_lazy(
-    lf: pl.DataFrame | pl.LazyFrame, columns: list[str]
-) -> pl.DataFrame:
-    lf = lf.lazy()
-    lf_expand = lf.select(pl.col(columns).unique().implode())
+    If columns are referenced with strings, then only existing values in those
+    columns are used for completion. If Series are specified instead, then
+    those Series can specify the full set of possible values, provided that
+    the Series is named after an existing column.
+    """
+    cols = []
     for col in columns:
-        lf_expand = lf_expand.explode(col)
+        if isinstance(col, str):
+            cols.append(pl.col(col).unique().implode())
+        elif isinstance(col, pl.Series):
+            cols.append(col.unique().implode())
+        else:
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"The columns argument(s) must be either string or polars Series. Got {type(col)} instead."
+            )
 
-    df = lf_expand.join(lf, on=columns, how="left", coalesce=True).collect()
+    unique_combos = df.select(cols)
+    col_names = unique_combos.collect_schema().names()
+    for col in col_names:
+        unique_combos = unique_combos.explode(col)
 
-    return df
+    return unique_combos.join(
+        df, on=col_names, how="left", coalesce=True, validate="1:1"
+    )
 
 
 def impute_column_pair(
@@ -241,8 +228,8 @@ def impute_column_pair(
     of fill_cols to that type. Currently, the only options are
     Polars numeric types.
     """
-    # TODO: this should also handle denom being in another file like the CLI
-    # command?
+    # TODO: should this also handle denom being in another file or dataframe (like the CLI
+    # command?)
 
     if numerator not in df.columns:
         raise ValueError(f"Column {numerator} doesn't exist")
@@ -284,8 +271,9 @@ def impute_column_pair(
             & (pl.col(denominator) <= fill_range_int.ub)
         )
         .then(
-            pl.int_ranges(fill_range_int.lb, pl.col(denominator) + 1)
+            # TODO: look into high mem consumption for this pl.when()
             # TODO: use of seed?
+            pl.int_ranges(fill_range_int.lb, pl.col(denominator) + 1)
             .list.sample(1)
             .explode()
         )
diff --git a/tests/complete_test.py b/tests/complete_test.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..400adf2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/complete_test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+import polars as pl
+from polars.testing import assert_frame_equal
+
+from csv_helper import impute
+
+
+def test_complete_exists():
+    df = pl.DataFrame(
+        {
+            "country": ["France", "France", "UK", "UK", "Spain"],
+            "year": [2020, 2021, 2019, 2020, 2022],
+            "value": [1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
+        }
+    )
+    df = df.pipe(impute.complete, "country", "year").sort("country", "year")
+    result = pl.DataFrame(
+        {
+            "country": [
+                country for country in ["France", "UK", "Spain"] for _ in range(4)
+            ],
+            "year": [y for _ in range(3) for y in range(2019, 2023)],
+            "value": [None, 1, 2, None, 3, 4, None, None, None, None, None, 5],
+        }
+    ).sort("country", "year")
+
+    assert_frame_equal(df, result)
+
+    lf = pl.LazyFrame(
+        {
+            "country": ["France", "France", "UK", "UK", "Spain"],
+            "year": [2020, 2021, 2019, 2020, 2022],
+            "value": [1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
+        }
+    )
+    lf = lf.pipe(impute.complete, "country", "year").sort("country", "year")
+    result = pl.LazyFrame(
+        {
+            "country": [
+                country for country in ["France", "UK", "Spain"] for _ in range(4)
+            ],
+            "year": [y for _ in range(3) for y in range(2019, 2023)],
+            "value": [None, 1, 2, None, 3, 4, None, None, None, None, None, 5],
+        }
+    ).sort("country", "year")
+
+    assert_frame_equal(lf, result)
+
+
+def test_complete_not_exists():
+    # TODO: add lazy test
+    df = pl.DataFrame(
+        {
+            "country": ["France", "France", "UK", "UK", "Spain"],
+            "year": [2020, 2021, 2019, 2020, 2022],
+            "value": [1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
+        }
+    )
+    df = df.pipe(
+        impute.complete,
+        pl.Series("country", ["France", "UK", "Spain", "China"]),
+        "year",
+    ).sort("country", "year")
+    result = pl.DataFrame(
+        {
+            "country": [
+                country
+                for country in ["China", "France", "UK", "Spain"]
+                for _ in range(4)
+            ],
+            "year": [y for _ in range(4) for y in range(2019, 2023)],
+            "value": [
+                None,
+                None,
+                None,
+                None,
+                None,
+                1,
+                2,
+                None,
+                3,
+                4,
+                None,
+                None,
+                None,
+                None,
+                None,
+                5,
+            ],
+        }
+    ).sort("country", "year")
+
+    assert_frame_equal(df, result)

From 96da5dd5902448e1ad36d0a64a766c72f22e625f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Tiu <63322884+winter-again@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 20 May 2025 22:36:13 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 06/47] Upgrade deps and python version to 3.13.

---
 .python-version |   2 +-
 pyproject.toml  |  29 ++---
 uv.lock         | 310 ++++++++++++++++--------------------------------
 3 files changed, 108 insertions(+), 233 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.python-version b/.python-version
index 2c07333..24ee5b1 100644
--- a/.python-version
+++ b/.python-version
@@ -1 +1 @@
-3.11
+3.13
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index 4e4ea3e..3c598e3 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -1,19 +1,12 @@
 [project]
 name = "csv-helper"
-version = "0.2.2"
-description = "A simple CLI for imputing masked counts in CSV data"
+version = "0.2.3"
+description = "A simple CLI and library for imputing masked counts in CSV data"
 readme = "README.md"
-authors = [
-    {name = "Andrew Tiu", email = "andrew.tiu88@gmail.com"},
-]
-license = {text = "MIT"}
-requires-python = ">=3.11"
-dependencies = [
-    "typer>=0.12.3",
-    "polars>=1.4.1",
-    "numpy>=2.0.1",
-    "requests>=2.32.3",
-]
+authors = [{ name = "Andrew Tiu", email = "andrew.tiu88@gmail.com" }]
+license = { text = "MIT" }
+requires-python = ">=3.13"
+dependencies = ["typer>=0.12.3", "polars>=1.4.1", "numpy>=2.0.1"]
 
 [project.scripts]
 csv-helper = "csv_helper.main:app"
@@ -23,17 +16,11 @@ requires = ["pdm-backend"]
 build-backend = "pdm.backend"
 
 [dependency-groups]
-dev = [
-    "pytest>=8.3.2",
-    "tox>=4.23.2",
-    "tox-uv>=1.16.0",
-]
+dev = ["pytest>=8.3.2", "tox>=4.23.2", "tox-uv>=1.16.0"]
 
 [tool.pyright]
 include = ["src"]
-exclude = [
-    "**/__pycache__"
-]
+exclude = ["**/__pycache__"]
 
 [tool.pytest.ini_options]
 pythonpath = ["src"]
diff --git a/uv.lock b/uv.lock
index d98828c..ee77f91 100644
--- a/uv.lock
+++ b/uv.lock
@@ -1,22 +1,13 @@
 version = 1
-requires-python = ">=3.11"
+requires-python = ">=3.13"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cachetools"
-version = "5.5.0"
+version = "5.5.2"
 source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
-sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/c3/38/a0f315319737ecf45b4319a8cd1f3a908e29d9277b46942263292115eee7/cachetools-5.5.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:2cc24fb4cbe39633fb7badd9db9ca6295d766d9c2995f245725a46715d050f2a", size = 27661 }
+sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/6c/81/3747dad6b14fa2cf53fcf10548cf5aea6913e96fab41a3c198676f8948a5/cachetools-5.5.2.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:1a661caa9175d26759571b2e19580f9d6393969e5dfca11fdb1f947a23e640d4", size = 28380 }
 wheels = [
-    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/a4/07/14f8ad37f2d12a5ce41206c21820d8cb6561b728e51fad4530dff0552a67/cachetools-5.5.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:02134e8439cdc2ffb62023ce1debca2944c3f289d66bb17ead3ab3dede74b292", size = 9524 },
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "certifi"
-version = "2025.1.31"
-source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
-sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/1c/ab/c9f1e32b7b1bf505bf26f0ef697775960db7932abeb7b516de930ba2705f/certifi-2025.1.31.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:3d5da6925056f6f18f119200434a4780a94263f10d1c21d032a6f6b2baa20651", size = 167577 }
-wheels = [
-    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/38/fc/bce832fd4fd99766c04d1ee0eead6b0ec6486fb100ae5e74c1d91292b982/certifi-2025.1.31-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:ca78db4565a652026a4db2bcdf68f2fb589ea80d0be70e03929ed730746b84fe", size = 166393 },
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/72/76/20fa66124dbe6be5cafeb312ece67de6b61dd91a0247d1ea13db4ebb33c2/cachetools-5.5.2-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:d26a22bcc62eb95c3beabd9f1ee5e820d3d2704fe2967cbe350e20c8ffcd3f0a", size = 10080 },
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -28,64 +19,16 @@ wheels = [
     { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/38/6f/f5fbc992a329ee4e0f288c1fe0e2ad9485ed064cac731ed2fe47dcc38cbf/chardet-5.2.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:e1cf59446890a00105fe7b7912492ea04b6e6f06d4b742b2c788469e34c82970", size = 199385 },
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "charset-normalizer"
-version = "3.4.1"
-source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
-sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/16/b0/572805e227f01586461c80e0fd25d65a2115599cc9dad142fee4b747c357/charset_normalizer-3.4.1.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:44251f18cd68a75b56585dd00dae26183e102cd5e0f9f1466e6df5da2ed64ea3", size = 123188 }
-wheels = [
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From 1747a3ee6f6317866ea628d8c541dca1d16f57a7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Tiu <63322884+winter-again@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 20 May 2025 22:39:21 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 07/47] Use new generic notation

---
 src/csv_helper/impute.py |   8 +-
 uv.lock                  | 185 ++++++++++++++++++++-------------------
 2 files changed, 96 insertions(+), 97 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/csv_helper/impute.py b/src/csv_helper/impute.py
index 1833553..5120aca 100644
--- a/src/csv_helper/impute.py
+++ b/src/csv_helper/impute.py
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from typing import Any, NamedTuple, TypeVar
+from typing import NamedTuple
 
 import numpy as np
 import polars as pl
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ def check(df: pl.DataFrame, fill_cols: list[str], fill_flag: str) -> pl.DataFram
 # TODO: instead of separate lazy func, let this take df or lf
 # or have bool arg that determines whether .lazy() conversion happens?
 # TODO: add asserts for shape?
+# TODO: use TFrame here?
 def impute_columns(
     df: pl.DataFrame,
     fill_cols: list[str],
@@ -177,10 +178,7 @@ def parse_fill_range(fill_range: tuple[int, int]) -> FillRange:
     return fill_range_int
 
 
-TFrame = TypeVar("TFrame", pl.DataFrame, pl.LazyFrame)
-
-
-def complete(df: TFrame, *columns: str | pl.Series) -> TFrame:
+def complete[T: (pl.DataFrame, pl.LazyFrame)](df: T, *columns: str | pl.Series) -> T:
     """
     Generate rows for implicit missing values based on column combinations,
     thus making them explicit missing values. Generated values marked as null.
diff --git a/uv.lock b/uv.lock
index ee77f91..ff5ed4e 100644
--- a/uv.lock
+++ b/uv.lock
@@ -1,22 +1,23 @@
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+revision = 2
 requires-python = ">=3.13"
 
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@@ -24,25 +25,25 @@ name = "click"
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 source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
 dependencies = [
-    { name = "colorama", marker = "platform_system == 'Windows'" },
+    { name = "colorama", marker = "sys_platform == 'win32'" },
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-version = "0.2.2"
+version = "0.2.3"
 source = { editable = "." }
 dependencies = [
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@@ -75,27 +76,27 @@ dev = [
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+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/f3/40/b1c265d4b2b62b58576588510fc4d1fe60a86319c8de99fd8e9fec617d2c/virtualenv-20.31.2-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:36efd0d9650ee985f0cad72065001e66d49a6f24eb44d98980f630686243cf11", size = 6057982, upload-time = "2025-05-08T17:58:21.15Z" },
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From 649792e6647fd0c8cc6f186791464de8de2bcbf3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Tiu <63322884+winter-again@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 21 May 2025 09:50:20 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 08/47] Update impute columns func to cover DF and LF.

---
 src/csv_helper/impute.py | 160 +++++++++++++++------------------------
 tests/complete_test.py   |   4 +-
 tests/impute_test.py     |  54 +++++++++++++
 tests/main_test.py       |   3 +-
 4 files changed, 117 insertions(+), 104 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 tests/impute_test.py

diff --git a/src/csv_helper/impute.py b/src/csv_helper/impute.py
index 5120aca..9adcde0 100644
--- a/src/csv_helper/impute.py
+++ b/src/csv_helper/impute.py
@@ -47,26 +47,23 @@ def check(df: pl.DataFrame, fill_cols: list[str], fill_flag: str) -> pl.DataFram
     )
 
 
-# TODO: instead of separate lazy func, let this take df or lf
-# or have bool arg that determines whether .lazy() conversion happens?
-# TODO: add asserts for shape?
-# TODO: use TFrame here?
-def impute_columns(
-    df: pl.DataFrame,
-    fill_cols: list[str],
+def columns[T: (pl.DataFrame, pl.LazyFrame)](
+    df: T,
+    columns: list[str],
     fill_flag: str,
     fill_range: tuple[int, int],
-    col_type: PolarsDataType = pl.Int64,
+    dtype: PolarsDataType = pl.Int64,
     seed: int | None = None,
-) -> pl.DataFrame:
+) -> T:
     """
-    Fill instances of `fill_flag` (a string) in the given column
-    with random integers in the given range (inclusive).
+    Independently fill instances of `fill_flag` (a string)
+    in the given columns with random integers in the given range
+    (bounds inclusive).
 
-    If `col_type` is specified, will attempt to cast the final result
-    of `fill_cols` to that Polars type.
+    If `dtype` is specified, will attempt to cast the filled columns
+    to that Polars type. Otherwise, assumes pl.Int64.
     """
-    for col in fill_cols:
+    for col in columns:
         if col not in df.columns:
             raise ValueError(f"Column {col} doesn't exist")
 
@@ -77,89 +74,50 @@ def impute_columns(
 
     fill_range_int = parse_fill_range(fill_range)
 
-    if len(fill_cols) > 1:
+    n_cols = len(columns)
+    if n_cols > 1:
         rng = np.random.default_rng(seed)
-        n = (len(fill_cols), df.height)
-        # must gen enough numbers for whole column up-front, otherwise reused
+        n_rows = df.lazy().select(pl.len()).collect().item()
+        # must gen enough numbers for all columns up-front, otherwise they get reused
+        shape = (n_cols, n_rows)
         fill_nums = rng.integers(
             fill_range_int.lb,
             fill_range_int.ub,
-            size=n,
-            endpoint=True,
+            size=shape,
+            endpoint=True,  # include ub in sample
         )
 
-        for col, num in zip(fill_cols, fill_nums):
+        for col, num in zip(columns, fill_nums):
             df = df.with_columns(
                 pl.when(pl.col(col) == fill_flag)
                 .then(pl.lit(num))
                 .otherwise(pl.col(col))
                 .alias(col)
-                .cast(col_type)
+                .cast(dtype)
             )
     else:
-        fill_col = fill_cols[0]
+        column = columns[0]
         # NOTE: this implementation and numpy implementation for filling values are roughly the same speed
         # with this Polars-only impl barely faster
         df = df.with_columns(
-            pl.when(pl.col(fill_col) == fill_flag)
+            pl.when(pl.col(column) == fill_flag)
             .then(
                 pl.int_range(fill_range_int.lb, fill_range_int.ub + 1).sample(
                     pl.len(), with_replacement=True, seed=seed
                 )
             )
-            .otherwise(pl.col(fill_col))
-            .alias(fill_col)
-            .cast(col_type)
-        )
-
-    return df
-
-
-def _impute_columns_lazy(
-    lf: pl.DataFrame | pl.LazyFrame,
-    fill_column: str,
-    fill_flag: str,
-    fill_range: tuple[int, int],
-    seed: int | None = None,
-) -> pl.DataFrame:
-    """
-    Experimental with Lazy
-    """
-    lf = lf.lazy()
-
-    if fill_column not in lf.collect_schema().names():
-        raise ValueError(f"Column {fill_column} doesn't exist")
-
-    if not _fill_flag_exists_lazy(lf, fill_column, fill_flag):
-        raise ValueError(
-            f"Column {fill_column} doesn't contain any instances of '{fill_flag}'"
-        )
-
-    fill_range_int = parse_fill_range(fill_range)
-
-    df = lf.with_columns(
-        pl.when(pl.col(fill_column) == fill_flag)
-        .then(
-            pl.int_range(fill_range_int.lb, fill_range_int.ub + 1).sample(
-                pl.len(), with_replacement=True, seed=seed
-            )
+            .otherwise(pl.col(column))
+            .alias(column)
+            .cast(dtype)
         )
-        .otherwise(pl.col(fill_column))
-        .alias(fill_column)
-    ).collect()
 
     return df
 
 
-def fill_flag_exists(df: pl.DataFrame, fill_col: str, fill_flag: str) -> bool:
-    return df.select((pl.col(fill_col) == fill_flag).any()).item()
-
-
-def _fill_flag_exists_lazy(
-    df: pl.DataFrame | pl.LazyFrame, fill_col: str, fill_flag: str
+def fill_flag_exists[T: (pl.DataFrame, pl.LazyFrame)](
+    df: T, column: str, fill_flag: str
 ) -> bool:
-    lf = df.lazy()
-    return lf.select((pl.col(fill_col) == fill_flag).any()).collect().item()
+    return df.lazy().select((pl.col(column) == fill_flag).any()).collect().item()
 
 
 class FillRange(NamedTuple):
@@ -178,37 +136,6 @@ def parse_fill_range(fill_range: tuple[int, int]) -> FillRange:
     return fill_range_int
 
 
-def complete[T: (pl.DataFrame, pl.LazyFrame)](df: T, *columns: str | pl.Series) -> T:
-    """
-    Generate rows for implicit missing values based on column combinations,
-    thus making them explicit missing values. Generated values marked as null.
-
-    If columns are referenced with strings, then only existing values in those
-    columns are used for completion. If Series are specified instead, then
-    those Series can specify the full set of possible values, provided that
-    the Series is named after an existing column.
-    """
-    cols = []
-    for col in columns:
-        if isinstance(col, str):
-            cols.append(pl.col(col).unique().implode())
-        elif isinstance(col, pl.Series):
-            cols.append(col.unique().implode())
-        else:
-            raise TypeError(
-                f"The columns argument(s) must be either string or polars Series. Got {type(col)} instead."
-            )
-
-    unique_combos = df.select(cols)
-    col_names = unique_combos.collect_schema().names()
-    for col in col_names:
-        unique_combos = unique_combos.explode(col)
-
-    return unique_combos.join(
-        df, on=col_names, how="left", coalesce=True, validate="1:1"
-    )
-
-
 def impute_column_pair(
     df: pl.DataFrame,
     numerator: str,
@@ -292,3 +219,34 @@ def impute_column_pair(
     )
 
     return df
+
+
+def complete[T: (pl.DataFrame, pl.LazyFrame)](df: T, *columns: str | pl.Series) -> T:
+    """
+    Generate rows for implicit missing values based on column combinations,
+    thus making them explicit missing values. Generated values marked as null.
+
+    If columns are referenced with strings, then only existing values in those
+    columns are used for completion. If Series are specified instead, then
+    those Series can specify the full set of possible values, provided that
+    the Series is named after an existing column.
+    """
+    cols = []
+    for col in columns:
+        if isinstance(col, str):
+            cols.append(pl.col(col).unique().implode())
+        elif isinstance(col, pl.Series):
+            cols.append(col.unique().implode())
+        else:
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"The columns argument(s) must be either string or polars Series. Got {type(col)} instead."
+            )
+
+    unique_combos = df.select(cols)
+    col_names = unique_combos.collect_schema().names()
+    for col in col_names:
+        unique_combos = unique_combos.explode(col)
+
+    return unique_combos.join(
+        df, on=col_names, how="left", coalesce=True, validate="1:1"
+    )
diff --git a/tests/complete_test.py b/tests/complete_test.py
index 400adf2..cad9223 100644
--- a/tests/complete_test.py
+++ b/tests/complete_test.py
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 from csv_helper import impute
 
 
-def test_complete_exists():
+def test_complete_exists() -> None:
     df = pl.DataFrame(
         {
             "country": ["France", "France", "UK", "UK", "Spain"],
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ def test_complete_exists():
     assert_frame_equal(lf, result)
 
 
-def test_complete_not_exists():
+def test_complete_not_exists() -> None:
     # TODO: add lazy test
     df = pl.DataFrame(
         {
diff --git a/tests/impute_test.py b/tests/impute_test.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b3ba96f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/impute_test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+import polars as pl
+
+from csv_helper import impute
+
+df_inp = pl.DataFrame(
+    {
+        "id": ["A", "A", "A", "B", "B", "C", "C", "A", "A", "A", "D", "D"],
+        "count": [
+            "10",
+            "15",
+            "<=5",
+            "<=5",
+            "12",
+            "50",
+            "<=5",
+            "10",
+            "15",
+            "<=5",
+            "<=5",
+            "<=5",
+        ],
+        "count_2": [
+            "15",
+            "10",
+            "<=5",
+            "12",
+            "<=5",
+            "<=5",
+            "10",
+            "50",
+            "<=5",
+            "<=5",
+            "15",
+            "<=5",
+        ],
+    }
+)
+
+# TODO: test values are <= 5
+
+
+def test_impute_columns() -> None:
+    df = df_inp.pipe(impute.columns, ["count"], "<=5", (1, 5), pl.String)
+
+    assert df.select((pl.col("count") == "<=5").any()).item() is False
+
+
+def test_impute_columns_multi() -> None:
+    df = df_inp.pipe(impute.columns, ["count", "count_2"], "<=5", (1, 5), pl.String)
+
+    assert (
+        df.select((pl.col("count") == "<=5").any()).item() is False
+        and df.select((pl.col("count_2") == "<=5").any()).item() is False
+    )
diff --git a/tests/main_test.py b/tests/main_test.py
index 74f7c88..fe740fb 100644
--- a/tests/main_test.py
+++ b/tests/main_test.py
@@ -6,9 +6,10 @@
 
 import polars as pl
 import pytest
-from csv_helper.main import app
 from typer.testing import CliRunner
 
+from csv_helper.main import app
+
 runner = CliRunner()
 
 

From dde9123188285572389811f51ed87c6509818cb2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Tiu <63322884+winter-again@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 21 May 2025 09:51:52 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 09/47] Remove file

---
 src/csv_helper/census.py | 107 ---------------------------------------
 1 file changed, 107 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 src/csv_helper/census.py

diff --git a/src/csv_helper/census.py b/src/csv_helper/census.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 24d68ea..0000000
--- a/src/csv_helper/census.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,107 +0,0 @@
-from io import StringIO
-from pathlib import Path
-
-import polars as pl
-import requests
-
-OUT = Path(__file__).parents[2]
-
-
-def main() -> int:
-    df = get_census_popn("state", ".")
-    with pl.Config(tbl_cols=-1):
-        print(df)
-
-    return 0
-
-
-# TODO: should consider the county FIPS changes over time, boundary changes, etc.
-# TODO: irregular data availability and naming schemes mean it's impossible to generalize this?
-# TODO: sep function or just state?
-def get_census_popn(geo: str, out: str | Path | None = None) -> pl.DataFrame:
-    """
-    Request and return state or county population data from Census Bureau's
-    FTP site. Restricted to 2020-2023 dataset, which has data from
-    2020 to 2023. Also takes optional path to a directory in which
-    to save the raw data.
-    """
-    # TODO: this county file actually has state data too so could just it for both?
-    # but then we're throwing away most of it so inefficient
-    arg_mapper = {
-        "state": ("2020-2023", "state", "NST-EST2023-ALLDATA"),
-        "county": ("2020-2023", "counties", "co-est2023-alldata"),
-    }
-
-    time, geo, file_name = arg_mapper[geo]
-    url = f"https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/{time}/{geo}/totals/{file_name}.csv"
-
-    try:
-        req = requests.get(url)
-        req.raise_for_status()
-    except requests.exceptions.HTTPError:
-        print("HTTP error while requesting")
-        raise
-    except requests.exceptions.RequestException:
-        print("Some fatal request error")
-        raise
-
-    if out is not None:
-        out = Path(out)
-        if not out.is_dir():
-            raise ValueError(f"Directory at {out} doesn't exist")
-
-        with open(out / f"{file_name}.csv", "w") as f:
-            f.write(req.text)
-
-    with StringIO(req.text) as f:
-        lf = pl.scan_csv(f, schema_overrides={"STATE": pl.String, "COUNTY": pl.String})
-
-    invalid_states = ["60", "66", "69", "72", "74", "78"]
-    df = (
-        lf.select(
-            "STATE",
-            "COUNTY",
-            "STNAME",
-            "CTYNAME",
-            "POPESTIMATE2020",
-            "POPESTIMATE2021",
-            "POPESTIMATE2022",
-            "POPESTIMATE2023",
-        )
-        .filter(
-            pl.col("COUNTY") != "000",
-            ~pl.col("STATE").is_in(invalid_states),
-        )
-        .with_columns(county_fips=pl.col("STATE") + pl.col("COUNTY"))
-        .drop("STATE", "COUNTY")
-        .rename(
-            {
-                "STNAME": "state_name",
-                "CTYNAME": "county_name",
-                "POPESTIMATE2020": "popn_2020",
-                "POPESTIMATE2021": "popn_2021",
-                "POPESTIMATE2022": "popn_2022",
-                "POPESTIMATE2023": "popn_2023",
-            }
-        )
-        .select(
-            "state_name",
-            "county_name",
-            "county_fips",
-            "popn_2020",
-            "popn_2021",
-            "popn_2022",
-            "popn_2023",
-        )
-        .collect()
-    )
-
-    assert df.select(pl.col("county_fips").n_unique()).item() == df.height, (
-        "Expected to have one row per county FIPS"
-    )
-
-    return df
-
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    raise SystemExit(main())

From 7bfc292c3677f76d86840f8e50b6763052fd605e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Tiu <63322884+winter-again@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 21 May 2025 12:12:42 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 10/47] Potentially better type hint for dtype.

---
 src/csv_helper/impute.py | 53 ++++++++++++++++++++++------------------
 tests/impute_test.py     |  3 ++-
 2 files changed, 31 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/csv_helper/impute.py b/src/csv_helper/impute.py
index 9adcde0..9db6fb9 100644
--- a/src/csv_helper/impute.py
+++ b/src/csv_helper/impute.py
@@ -2,7 +2,15 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 import polars as pl
-from polars._typing import PolarsDataType
+from polars._typing import PolarsIntegerType
+
+
+def foo(
+    df: pl.DataFrame,
+    column: str,
+    dtype: PolarsIntegerType | type[pl.Float64] | type[pl.Float32] = pl.Int64,
+) -> pl.DataFrame:
+    return df.with_columns(pl.col(column).cast(dtype))
 
 
 # TODO: make this a check func that returns bool instead?
@@ -52,7 +60,7 @@ def columns[T: (pl.DataFrame, pl.LazyFrame)](
     columns: list[str],
     fill_flag: str,
     fill_range: tuple[int, int],
-    dtype: PolarsDataType = pl.Int64,
+    dtype: PolarsIntegerType | type[pl.Float64] | type[pl.Float32] = pl.Int64,
     seed: int | None = None,
 ) -> T:
     """
@@ -61,7 +69,7 @@ def columns[T: (pl.DataFrame, pl.LazyFrame)](
     (bounds inclusive).
 
     If `dtype` is specified, will attempt to cast the filled columns
-    to that Polars type. Otherwise, assumes pl.Int64.
+    to that Polars type. Only supports Polars integer and float types.
     """
     for col in columns:
         if col not in df.columns:
@@ -136,26 +144,28 @@ def parse_fill_range(fill_range: tuple[int, int]) -> FillRange:
     return fill_range_int
 
 
-def impute_column_pair(
-    df: pl.DataFrame,
+def column_pair[T: (pl.DataFrame, pl.LazyFrame)](
+    df: T,
     numerator: str,
     denominator: str,
     fill_flag: str,
     fill_range: tuple[int, int],
-    col_type: PolarsDataType = pl.Int64,
+    dtype: PolarsIntegerType | type[pl.Float64] | type[pl.Float32] = pl.Int64,
     seed: int | None = None,
-) -> pl.DataFrame:
+) -> T:
     """
-    Fill instances of the fill_flag in both the numerator column
-    and the denominator column such that numerator <= denominator.
+    Fill instances of the `fill_flag` in both the `numerator` column
+    and the `denominator` column such that numerator <= denominator.
 
-    If col_type is specified, will attempt to cast the final result
-    of fill_cols to that type. Currently, the only options are
-    Polars numeric types.
-    """
-    # TODO: should this also handle denom being in another file or dataframe (like the CLI
-    # command?)
+    If `dtype` is specified, will attempt to cast the final result
+    to that Polars type. Only supports Polars integer and float types.
 
+    Note: `seed` is only used for (1) imputing the denominator and (2) the
+    numerator case where the denominator is greater than the `fill_range`
+    upper bound. This is because we cannot guarantee desired reproducible
+    behavior in the numerator when denominator is less than or equal to the
+    `fill_range` upper bound since such imputation happens per-row.
+    """
     if numerator not in df.columns:
         raise ValueError(f"Column {numerator} doesn't exist")
 
@@ -174,7 +184,6 @@ def impute_column_pair(
 
     fill_range_int = parse_fill_range(fill_range)
 
-    # TODO: I think repeated use of the same seed is undesirable
     df = df.with_columns(
         pl.when(pl.col(denominator) == fill_flag)
         .then(
@@ -186,18 +195,15 @@ def impute_column_pair(
         )
         .otherwise(pl.col(denominator))
         .alias(denominator)
-        .cast(col_type)
-    )
-
-    df = df.with_columns(
+        .cast(dtype)
+    ).with_columns(
         # TODO: use list b/c no arr.sample() what about struct perf?
+        # TODO: look into high mem consumption b/c of pl.int_ranges()
         pl.when(
             (pl.col(numerator) == fill_flag)
             & (pl.col(denominator) <= fill_range_int.ub)
         )
         .then(
-            # TODO: look into high mem consumption for this pl.when()
-            # TODO: use of seed?
             pl.int_ranges(fill_range_int.lb, pl.col(denominator) + 1)
             .list.sample(1)
             .explode()
@@ -207,7 +213,6 @@ def impute_column_pair(
         )
         .then(
             pl.int_range(fill_range_int.lb, fill_range_int.ub + 1).sample(
-                # TODO: use of seed?
                 pl.len(),
                 with_replacement=True,
                 seed=seed,
@@ -215,7 +220,7 @@ def impute_column_pair(
         )
         .otherwise(pl.col(numerator))
         .alias(numerator)
-        .cast(pl.Int64)
+        .cast(dtype)
     )
 
     return df
diff --git a/tests/impute_test.py b/tests/impute_test.py
index b3ba96f..737bb33 100644
--- a/tests/impute_test.py
+++ b/tests/impute_test.py
@@ -37,9 +37,10 @@
 )
 
 # TODO: test values are <= 5
+# TODO: test with seed?
 
 
-def test_impute_columns() -> None:
+def test_impute_columns_single() -> None:
     df = df_inp.pipe(impute.columns, ["count"], "<=5", (1, 5), pl.String)
 
     assert df.select((pl.col("count") == "<=5").any()).item() is False

From 0a2fbbe820973e8c3224a286689757d0d0915b40 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Tiu <63322884+winter-again@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 22 May 2025 07:46:04 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 11/47] Rename CLI test file. Specify what should be more
 correct types for dtype param.

---
 src/csv_helper/impute.py            | 8 ++++----
 tests/{main_test.py => cli_test.py} | 0
 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)
 rename tests/{main_test.py => cli_test.py} (100%)

diff --git a/src/csv_helper/impute.py b/src/csv_helper/impute.py
index 9db6fb9..c4af1d5 100644
--- a/src/csv_helper/impute.py
+++ b/src/csv_helper/impute.py
@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 import polars as pl
-from polars._typing import PolarsIntegerType
+from polars.datatypes.classes import FloatType, IntegerType
 
 
 def foo(
     df: pl.DataFrame,
     column: str,
-    dtype: PolarsIntegerType | type[pl.Float64] | type[pl.Float32] = pl.Int64,
+    dtype: type[IntegerType] | type[FloatType] = pl.Int64,
 ) -> pl.DataFrame:
     return df.with_columns(pl.col(column).cast(dtype))
 
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ def columns[T: (pl.DataFrame, pl.LazyFrame)](
     columns: list[str],
     fill_flag: str,
     fill_range: tuple[int, int],
-    dtype: PolarsIntegerType | type[pl.Float64] | type[pl.Float32] = pl.Int64,
+    dtype: type[IntegerType] | type[FloatType] = pl.Int64,
     seed: int | None = None,
 ) -> T:
     """
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ def column_pair[T: (pl.DataFrame, pl.LazyFrame)](
     denominator: str,
     fill_flag: str,
     fill_range: tuple[int, int],
-    dtype: PolarsIntegerType | type[pl.Float64] | type[pl.Float32] = pl.Int64,
+    dtype: type[IntegerType] | type[FloatType] = pl.Int64,
     seed: int | None = None,
 ) -> T:
     """
diff --git a/tests/main_test.py b/tests/cli_test.py
similarity index 100%
rename from tests/main_test.py
rename to tests/cli_test.py

From 6f7340f277f9611124ab3ec0d8c3d2368fa01ea2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Tiu <63322884+winter-again@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 22 May 2025 09:57:17 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 12/47] Reorganize modules. Clean up remaining funcs.

---
 src/csv_helper/__init__.py |  1 -
 src/csv_helper/complete.py | 34 ++++++++++++++++
 src/csv_helper/impute.py   | 80 ++++++++++----------------------------
 tests/complete_test.py     |  8 ++--
 tests/impute_test.py       | 11 +++---
 5 files changed, 65 insertions(+), 69 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/csv_helper/complete.py

diff --git a/src/csv_helper/__init__.py b/src/csv_helper/__init__.py
index 4fb493f..e69de29 100644
--- a/src/csv_helper/__init__.py
+++ b/src/csv_helper/__init__.py
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-from . import impute
diff --git a/src/csv_helper/complete.py b/src/csv_helper/complete.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7959d3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/csv_helper/complete.py
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+import polars as pl
+
+
+def complete[T: (pl.DataFrame, pl.LazyFrame)](df: T, *columns: str | pl.Series) -> T:
+    """
+    Generate rows for implicit missing values based on column combinations,
+    thus making them explicit missing values. Generated values marked as null.
+
+    If columns are referenced with strings, then only existing values in those
+    columns are used for completion. If Series are specified instead, then
+    those Series can specify the full set of possible values, provided that
+    the Series is named after an existing column.
+    """
+    cols = []
+    for col in columns:
+        if isinstance(col, str):
+            cols.append(pl.col(col).unique().implode())
+        elif isinstance(col, pl.Series):
+            cols.append(col.unique().implode())
+        else:
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"The columns argument(s) must be either string or polars Series. Got {type(col)} instead."
+            )
+
+    unique_combos = df.select(cols)
+    col_names = unique_combos.collect_schema().names()
+    for col in col_names:
+        unique_combos = unique_combos.explode(col)
+
+    res = unique_combos.join(
+        df, on=col_names, how="left", coalesce=True, validate="1:1"
+    )
+
+    return res
diff --git a/src/csv_helper/impute.py b/src/csv_helper/impute.py
index c4af1d5..8b92783 100644
--- a/src/csv_helper/impute.py
+++ b/src/csv_helper/impute.py
@@ -5,33 +5,25 @@
 from polars.datatypes.classes import FloatType, IntegerType
 
 
-def foo(
-    df: pl.DataFrame,
-    column: str,
-    dtype: type[IntegerType] | type[FloatType] = pl.Int64,
-) -> pl.DataFrame:
-    return df.with_columns(pl.col(column).cast(dtype))
-
-
-# TODO: make this a check func that returns bool instead?
-# and separate this into another func like summarize()?
-def check(df: pl.DataFrame, fill_cols: list[str], fill_flag: str) -> pl.DataFrame:
+def check[T: (pl.DataFrame, pl.LazyFrame)](
+    df: T, columns: list[str], fill_flag: str
+) -> T:
     """
-    Return dataframe with counts and proportion of instances of `fill_flag` in each of
-    the given `fill_cols`
+    Summarize counts and proportion of instances of `fill_flag` in each of
+    the given columns.
     """
-    for col in fill_cols:
+    for col in columns:
         if col not in df.columns:
             raise ValueError(f"Column {col} doesn't exist")
 
-        if not fill_flag_exists(df, col, fill_flag):
+        if not _fill_flag_exists(df, col, fill_flag):
             raise ValueError(
                 f"Column {col} doesn't contain any instances of '{fill_flag}'"
             )
 
-    if len(fill_cols) > 1:
+    if len(columns) > 1:
         return (
-            df.select(fill_cols)
+            df.select(columns)
             .unpivot(variable_name="column", value_name="value")
             .group_by("column")
             .agg(
@@ -42,7 +34,8 @@ def check(df: pl.DataFrame, fill_cols: list[str], fill_flag: str) -> pl.DataFram
             .sort("column")
         )
 
-    fill_col = fill_cols[0]
+    fill_col = columns[0]
+
     return (
         df.select(fill_col)
         .unpivot(variable_name="column", value_name="value")
@@ -75,12 +68,12 @@ def columns[T: (pl.DataFrame, pl.LazyFrame)](
         if col not in df.columns:
             raise ValueError(f"Column {col} doesn't exist")
 
-        if not fill_flag_exists(df, col, fill_flag):
+        if not _fill_flag_exists(df, col, fill_flag):
             raise ValueError(
                 f"Column {col} doesn't contain any instances of '{fill_flag}'"
             )
 
-    fill_range_int = parse_fill_range(fill_range)
+    fill_range_int = _parse_fill_range(fill_range)
 
     n_cols = len(columns)
     if n_cols > 1:
@@ -122,22 +115,22 @@ def columns[T: (pl.DataFrame, pl.LazyFrame)](
     return df
 
 
-def fill_flag_exists[T: (pl.DataFrame, pl.LazyFrame)](
+def _fill_flag_exists[T: (pl.DataFrame, pl.LazyFrame)](
     df: T, column: str, fill_flag: str
 ) -> bool:
     return df.lazy().select((pl.col(column) == fill_flag).any()).collect().item()
 
 
-class FillRange(NamedTuple):
+class _FillRange(NamedTuple):
     lb: int
     ub: int
 
 
-def parse_fill_range(fill_range: tuple[int, int]) -> FillRange:
+def _parse_fill_range(fill_range: tuple[int, int]) -> _FillRange:
     if len(fill_range) != 2:
         raise ValueError("Must only pass 2 values")
 
-    fill_range_int = FillRange(*fill_range)
+    fill_range_int = _FillRange(*fill_range)
     if fill_range_int.lb > fill_range_int.ub:
         raise ValueError("Lower bound can't be greater than the upper bound")
 
@@ -172,17 +165,17 @@ def column_pair[T: (pl.DataFrame, pl.LazyFrame)](
     if denominator not in df.columns:
         raise ValueError(f"Column {numerator} doesn't exist")
 
-    if not fill_flag_exists(df, numerator, fill_flag):
+    if not _fill_flag_exists(df, numerator, fill_flag):
         raise ValueError(
             f"Column {numerator} doesn't contain any instances of '{fill_flag}'"
         )
 
-    if not fill_flag_exists(df, denominator, fill_flag):
+    if not _fill_flag_exists(df, denominator, fill_flag):
         raise ValueError(
             f"Column {denominator} doesn't contain any instances of '{fill_flag}'"
         )
 
-    fill_range_int = parse_fill_range(fill_range)
+    fill_range_int = _parse_fill_range(fill_range)
 
     df = df.with_columns(
         pl.when(pl.col(denominator) == fill_flag)
@@ -198,7 +191,7 @@ def column_pair[T: (pl.DataFrame, pl.LazyFrame)](
         .cast(dtype)
     ).with_columns(
         # TODO: use list b/c no arr.sample() what about struct perf?
-        # TODO: look into high mem consumption b/c of pl.int_ranges()
+        # NOTE: high mem consumption b/c of pl.int_ranges(), but not sure how to improve
         pl.when(
             (pl.col(numerator) == fill_flag)
             & (pl.col(denominator) <= fill_range_int.ub)
@@ -224,34 +217,3 @@ def column_pair[T: (pl.DataFrame, pl.LazyFrame)](
     )
 
     return df
-
-
-def complete[T: (pl.DataFrame, pl.LazyFrame)](df: T, *columns: str | pl.Series) -> T:
-    """
-    Generate rows for implicit missing values based on column combinations,
-    thus making them explicit missing values. Generated values marked as null.
-
-    If columns are referenced with strings, then only existing values in those
-    columns are used for completion. If Series are specified instead, then
-    those Series can specify the full set of possible values, provided that
-    the Series is named after an existing column.
-    """
-    cols = []
-    for col in columns:
-        if isinstance(col, str):
-            cols.append(pl.col(col).unique().implode())
-        elif isinstance(col, pl.Series):
-            cols.append(col.unique().implode())
-        else:
-            raise TypeError(
-                f"The columns argument(s) must be either string or polars Series. Got {type(col)} instead."
-            )
-
-    unique_combos = df.select(cols)
-    col_names = unique_combos.collect_schema().names()
-    for col in col_names:
-        unique_combos = unique_combos.explode(col)
-
-    return unique_combos.join(
-        df, on=col_names, how="left", coalesce=True, validate="1:1"
-    )
diff --git a/tests/complete_test.py b/tests/complete_test.py
index cad9223..5519429 100644
--- a/tests/complete_test.py
+++ b/tests/complete_test.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import polars as pl
 from polars.testing import assert_frame_equal
 
-from csv_helper import impute
+from csv_helper import complete
 
 
 def test_complete_exists() -> None:
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ def test_complete_exists() -> None:
             "value": [1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
         }
     )
-    df = df.pipe(impute.complete, "country", "year").sort("country", "year")
+    df = df.pipe(complete.complete, "country", "year").sort("country", "year")
     result = pl.DataFrame(
         {
             "country": [
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ def test_complete_exists() -> None:
             "value": [1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
         }
     )
-    lf = lf.pipe(impute.complete, "country", "year").sort("country", "year")
+    lf = lf.pipe(complete.complete, "country", "year").sort("country", "year")
     result = pl.LazyFrame(
         {
             "country": [
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ def test_complete_not_exists() -> None:
         }
     )
     df = df.pipe(
-        impute.complete,
+        complete.complete,
         pl.Series("country", ["France", "UK", "Spain", "China"]),
         "year",
     ).sort("country", "year")
diff --git a/tests/impute_test.py b/tests/impute_test.py
index 737bb33..e01be52 100644
--- a/tests/impute_test.py
+++ b/tests/impute_test.py
@@ -41,15 +41,16 @@
 
 
 def test_impute_columns_single() -> None:
-    df = df_inp.pipe(impute.columns, ["count"], "<=5", (1, 5), pl.String)
+    df = df_inp.pipe(impute.columns, ["count"], "<=5", (1, 5))
 
-    assert df.select((pl.col("count") == "<=5").any()).item() is False
+    assert df.select((pl.col("count").cast(pl.String) == "<=5").any()).item() is False
 
 
 def test_impute_columns_multi() -> None:
-    df = df_inp.pipe(impute.columns, ["count", "count_2"], "<=5", (1, 5), pl.String)
+    df = df_inp.pipe(impute.columns, ["count", "count_2"], "<=5", (1, 5))
 
     assert (
-        df.select((pl.col("count") == "<=5").any()).item() is False
-        and df.select((pl.col("count_2") == "<=5").any()).item() is False
+        df.select((pl.col("count").cast(pl.String) == "<=5").any()).item() is False
+        and df.select((pl.col("count_2").cast(pl.String) == "<=5").any()).item()
+        is False
     )

From ceda0c5faaae5c30d7174cf78a23f963cd68c7e6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Tiu <63322884+winter-again@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 22 May 2025 10:43:49 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 13/47] Small changes

---
 src/csv_helper/complete.py | 10 +++++++---
 src/csv_helper/impute.py   |  6 +++---
 tests/impute_test.py       |  4 ++--
 3 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/csv_helper/complete.py b/src/csv_helper/complete.py
index 7959d3a..e735418 100644
--- a/src/csv_helper/complete.py
+++ b/src/csv_helper/complete.py
@@ -27,8 +27,12 @@ def complete[T: (pl.DataFrame, pl.LazyFrame)](df: T, *columns: str | pl.Series)
     for col in col_names:
         unique_combos = unique_combos.explode(col)
 
-    res = unique_combos.join(
-        df, on=col_names, how="left", coalesce=True, validate="1:1"
+    df = unique_combos.join(
+        df,
+        on=col_names,
+        how="left",
+        coalesce=True,
+        validate="1:1",
     )
 
-    return res
+    return df
diff --git a/src/csv_helper/impute.py b/src/csv_helper/impute.py
index 8b92783..08339ea 100644
--- a/src/csv_helper/impute.py
+++ b/src/csv_helper/impute.py
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ def column_pair[T: (pl.DataFrame, pl.LazyFrame)](
     Note: `seed` is only used for (1) imputing the denominator and (2) the
     numerator case where the denominator is greater than the `fill_range`
     upper bound. This is because we cannot guarantee desired reproducible
-    behavior in the numerator when denominator is less than or equal to the
+    behavior for the numerator when denominator is less than or equal to the
     `fill_range` upper bound since such imputation happens per-row.
     """
     if numerator not in df.columns:
@@ -190,8 +190,8 @@ def column_pair[T: (pl.DataFrame, pl.LazyFrame)](
         .alias(denominator)
         .cast(dtype)
     ).with_columns(
-        # TODO: use list b/c no arr.sample() what about struct perf?
-        # NOTE: high mem consumption b/c of pl.int_ranges(), but not sure how to improve
+        # NOTE: sometimes oddly high mem consumption b/c of pl.int_ranges(),
+        # but not sure how to improve
         pl.when(
             (pl.col(numerator) == fill_flag)
             & (pl.col(denominator) <= fill_range_int.ub)
diff --git a/tests/impute_test.py b/tests/impute_test.py
index e01be52..7fb8ac0 100644
--- a/tests/impute_test.py
+++ b/tests/impute_test.py
@@ -46,8 +46,8 @@ def test_impute_columns_single() -> None:
     assert df.select((pl.col("count").cast(pl.String) == "<=5").any()).item() is False
 
 
-def test_impute_columns_multi() -> None:
-    df = df_inp.pipe(impute.columns, ["count", "count_2"], "<=5", (1, 5))
+def test_impute_pair() -> None:
+    df = df_inp.pipe(impute.column_pair, "count", "count_2", "<=5", (1, 5))
 
     assert (
         df.select((pl.col("count").cast(pl.String) == "<=5").any()).item() is False

From 7ad132708b25e007f7210a2b5dbe25860b84886d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Tiu <63322884+winter-again@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 22 May 2025 11:26:53 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 14/47] Remove pyright section from pyproject.toml. Shouldn't
 be necessary.

---
 pyproject.toml | 4 ----
 1 file changed, 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index 3c598e3..ef332aa 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -18,9 +18,5 @@ build-backend = "pdm.backend"
 [dependency-groups]
 dev = ["pytest>=8.3.2", "tox>=4.23.2", "tox-uv>=1.16.0"]
 
-[tool.pyright]
-include = ["src"]
-exclude = ["**/__pycache__"]
-
 [tool.pytest.ini_options]
 pythonpath = ["src"]

From 84ca6507306beba79688c143a712f831bf4a333f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Tiu <63322884+winter-again@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 22 May 2025 16:40:59 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 15/47] Update env, pyproject.toml, remove unnecessary pytest
 config table

---
 pyproject.toml                     | 15 ++++++++-------
 src/csv_helper/{main.py => cli.py} |  0
 tests/cli_test.py                  |  6 +++---
 uv.lock                            | 22 +++++++++++-----------
 4 files changed, 22 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)
 rename src/csv_helper/{main.py => cli.py} (100%)

diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index ef332aa..2c907c6 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -1,15 +1,19 @@
 [project]
 name = "csv-helper"
 version = "0.2.3"
-description = "A simple CLI and library for imputing masked counts in CSV data"
+description = "A simple library and CLI for working with CSV data"
 readme = "README.md"
 authors = [{ name = "Andrew Tiu", email = "andrew.tiu88@gmail.com" }]
-license = { text = "MIT" }
+license = "MIT"
 requires-python = ">=3.13"
-dependencies = ["typer>=0.12.3", "polars>=1.4.1", "numpy>=2.0.1"]
+dependencies = [
+    "numpy>=2.2.6",
+    "polars>=1.30.0",
+    "typer>=0.15.4",
+]
 
 [project.scripts]
-csv-helper = "csv_helper.main:app"
+csv-helper = "csv_helper.cli:app"
 
 [build-system]
 requires = ["pdm-backend"]
@@ -17,6 +21,3 @@ build-backend = "pdm.backend"
 
 [dependency-groups]
 dev = ["pytest>=8.3.2", "tox>=4.23.2", "tox-uv>=1.16.0"]
-
-[tool.pytest.ini_options]
-pythonpath = ["src"]
diff --git a/src/csv_helper/main.py b/src/csv_helper/cli.py
similarity index 100%
rename from src/csv_helper/main.py
rename to src/csv_helper/cli.py
diff --git a/tests/cli_test.py b/tests/cli_test.py
index fe740fb..19c4411 100644
--- a/tests/cli_test.py
+++ b/tests/cli_test.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 import pytest
 from typer.testing import CliRunner
 
-from csv_helper.main import app
+from csv_helper.cli import app
 
 runner = CliRunner()
 
@@ -49,8 +49,8 @@ def test_data_sep(tmp_path) -> Path:
     return data_dir / "test_pair_sep"
 
 
-# NOTE: can also access funcs in csv_helper.main directly:
-# from csv_helper.main import preview
+# NOTE: can also access funcs in csv_helper.cli directly:
+# from csv_helper.cli import preview
 # preview("./tests/data/test_impute_data.csv", 10)
 
 
diff --git a/uv.lock b/uv.lock
index ff5ed4e..b120c29 100644
--- a/uv.lock
+++ b/uv.lock
@@ -60,9 +60,9 @@ dev = [
 
 [package.metadata]
 requires-dist = [
-    { name = "numpy", specifier = ">=2.0.1" },
-    { name = "polars", specifier = ">=1.4.1" },
-    { name = "typer", specifier = ">=0.12.3" },
+    { name = "numpy", specifier = ">=2.2.6" },
+    { name = "polars", specifier = ">=1.30.0" },
+    { name = "typer", specifier = ">=0.15.4" },
 ]
 
 [package.metadata.requires-dev]
@@ -177,16 +177,16 @@ wheels = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "polars"
-version = "1.29.0"
+version = "1.30.0"
 source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
-sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/0b/92/8d0e80fef779a392b1a736b554ffba62403026bad7df8a9de8b61dce018f/polars-1.29.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:d2acb71fce1ff0ea76db5f648abd91a7a6c460fafabce9a2e8175184efa00d02", size = 4582973, upload-time = "2025-04-30T20:57:22.46Z" }
+sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/82/b6/8dbdf626c0705a57f052708c9fc0860ffc2aa97955930d5faaf6a66fcfd3/polars-1.30.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:dfe94ae84a5efd9ba74e616e3e125b24ca155494a931890a8f17480737c4db45", size = 4668318, upload-time = "2025-05-21T13:33:24.175Z" }
 wheels = [
-    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/e7/5f/b277179cfce1258fecf4ad73cf627f670be41fdf088727090f68ca9c96ff/polars-1.29.0-cp39-abi3-macosx_10_12_x86_64.whl", hash = "sha256:d053ee3217df31468caf2f5ddb9fd0f3a94fd42afdf7d9abe23d9d424adca02b", size = 34206809, upload-time = "2025-04-30T20:56:14.744Z" },
-    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/34/e7/634e5cb55ce8bef23ac8ad8e3834c9045f4b3cbdff1fb9e7826d864436e6/polars-1.29.0-cp39-abi3-macosx_11_0_arm64.whl", hash = "sha256:14131078e365eae5ccda3e67383cd43c0c0598d7f760bdf1cb4082566c5494ce", size = 31100055, upload-time = "2025-04-30T20:56:19.43Z" },
-    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/50/15/0e9072e410731980ebc567c60a0a5f02bc2183310e48704ef83682cdd54c/polars-1.29.0-cp39-abi3-manylinux_2_17_x86_64.manylinux2014_x86_64.whl", hash = "sha256:54f6902da333f99208b8d27765d580ba0299b412787c0564275912122c228e40", size = 34828438, upload-time = "2025-04-30T20:56:22.839Z" },
-    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/69/c0/90fcaac5c95aa225b3899698289c0424d429ef72248b593f15294f95a35e/polars-1.29.0-cp39-abi3-manylinux_2_24_aarch64.whl", hash = "sha256:7a0ac6a11088279af4d715f4b58068835f551fa5368504a53401743006115e78", size = 32073830, upload-time = "2025-04-30T20:56:26.742Z" },
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+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/36/ca/f545f61282f75eea4dfde4db2944963dcd59abd50c20e33a1c894da44dad/polars-1.30.0-cp39-abi3-macosx_11_0_arm64.whl", hash = "sha256:e3d05914c364b8e39a5b10dcf97e84d76e516b3b1693880bf189a93aab3ca00d", size = 32459857, upload-time = "2025-05-21T13:32:27.728Z" },
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+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/cb/e7/b88b973021be07b13d91b9301cc14392c994225ef5107a32a8ffd3fd6424/polars-1.30.0-cp39-abi3-manylinux_2_24_aarch64.whl", hash = "sha256:ffb3ef133454275d4254442257c5f71dd6e393ce365c97997dadeb6fa9d6d4b5", size = 33416871, upload-time = "2025-05-21T13:32:35.077Z" },
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/dd/7c/d46d4381adeac537b8520b653dc30cb8b7edbf59883d71fbb989e9005de1/polars-1.30.0-cp39-abi3-win_amd64.whl", hash = "sha256:c26b633a9bd530c5fc09d317fca3bb3e16c772bd7df7549a9d8ec1934773cc5d", size = 36363630, upload-time = "2025-05-21T13:32:38.286Z" },
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/fb/b5/5056d0c12aadb57390d0627492bef8b1abf3549474abb9ae0fd4e2bfa885/polars-1.30.0-cp39-abi3-win_arm64.whl", hash = "sha256:476f1bde65bc7b4d9f80af370645c2981b5798d67c151055e58534e89e96f2a8", size = 32643590, upload-time = "2025-05-21T13:32:42.107Z" },
 ]
 
 [[package]]

From affa793c8e7e2b182e2fffa38f388c0e38408306 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Tiu <63322884+winter-again@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 22 May 2025 18:35:07 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 16/47] Testing nox over tox

---
 .github/workflows/tests.yml |  14 ++--
 .python-version             |   2 +-
 noxfile.py                  |  15 ++++
 pyproject.toml              |   7 +-
 uv.lock                     | 148 +++++++++++++++---------------------
 5 files changed, 90 insertions(+), 96 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 noxfile.py

diff --git a/.github/workflows/tests.yml b/.github/workflows/tests.yml
index 21f615b..8905ef5 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/tests.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/tests.yml
@@ -21,25 +21,23 @@ jobs:
       matrix:
         os: [ubuntu-latest, macos-latest, windows-latest]
         python-version: 
-          - "3.11"
           - "3.12"
+          - "3.13"
 
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
         uses: actions/checkout@v4
 
       - name: Install uv
-        uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v4
+        uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v5
         with:
-          version: "0.5.5"
+          version: "0.7.7"
 
       - name: Set up Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}
         run: uv python install ${{ matrix.python-version }}
 
       - name: Install project
-        run: uv sync --all-extras --dev
+        run: uv sync --locked --all-extras --dev
 
-      - name: Run tests with tox
-        run: |
-          uv run -- tox --version
-          uv run -- tox -e py
+      - name: Run tests with nox on ${{ matrix.os }}
+        run: uv run -- nox -s "${{ matrix.python-version }}"
diff --git a/.python-version b/.python-version
index 24ee5b1..2c20ac9 100644
--- a/.python-version
+++ b/.python-version
@@ -1 +1 @@
-3.13
+3.13.3
diff --git a/noxfile.py b/noxfile.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4683324
--- /dev/null
+++ b/noxfile.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+import nox
+
+nox.options.default_venv_backend = "uv"
+
+
+@nox.session(python=["3.12", "3.13"])
+def tests(session):
+    """Run tests with pytest."""
+    session.run(
+        "uv",
+        "sync",
+        f"--python={session.virtualenv.location}",
+        env={"UV_PROJECT_ENVIRONMENT": session.virtualenv.location},
+    )
+    session.run("pytest", "-vv", "tests")
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index 2c907c6..23a1fa1 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ description = "A simple library and CLI for working with CSV data"
 readme = "README.md"
 authors = [{ name = "Andrew Tiu", email = "andrew.tiu88@gmail.com" }]
 license = "MIT"
-requires-python = ">=3.13"
+requires-python = ">=3.12"
 dependencies = [
     "numpy>=2.2.6",
     "polars>=1.30.0",
@@ -20,4 +20,7 @@ requires = ["pdm-backend"]
 build-backend = "pdm.backend"
 
 [dependency-groups]
-dev = ["pytest>=8.3.2", "tox>=4.23.2", "tox-uv>=1.16.0"]
+dev = [
+    "nox>=2025.5.1",
+    "pytest>=8.3.5",
+]
diff --git a/uv.lock b/uv.lock
index b120c29..a49d157 100644
--- a/uv.lock
+++ b/uv.lock
@@ -1,23 +1,23 @@
 version = 1
 revision = 2
-requires-python = ">=3.13"
+requires-python = ">=3.12"
 
 [[package]]
-name = "cachetools"
-version = "5.5.2"
+name = "argcomplete"
+version = "3.6.2"
 source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
-sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/6c/81/3747dad6b14fa2cf53fcf10548cf5aea6913e96fab41a3c198676f8948a5/cachetools-5.5.2.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:1a661caa9175d26759571b2e19580f9d6393969e5dfca11fdb1f947a23e640d4", size = 28380, upload-time = "2025-02-20T21:01:19.524Z" }
+sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/16/0f/861e168fc813c56a78b35f3c30d91c6757d1fd185af1110f1aec784b35d0/argcomplete-3.6.2.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:d0519b1bc867f5f4f4713c41ad0aba73a4a5f007449716b16f385f2166dc6adf", size = 73403, upload-time = "2025-04-03T04:57:03.52Z" }
 wheels = [
-    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/72/76/20fa66124dbe6be5cafeb312ece67de6b61dd91a0247d1ea13db4ebb33c2/cachetools-5.5.2-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:d26a22bcc62eb95c3beabd9f1ee5e820d3d2704fe2967cbe350e20c8ffcd3f0a", size = 10080, upload-time = "2025-02-20T21:01:16.647Z" },
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/31/da/e42d7a9d8dd33fa775f467e4028a47936da2f01e4b0e561f9ba0d74cb0ca/argcomplete-3.6.2-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:65b3133a29ad53fb42c48cf5114752c7ab66c1c38544fdf6460f450c09b42591", size = 43708, upload-time = "2025-04-03T04:57:01.591Z" },
 ]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "chardet"
-version = "5.2.0"
+name = "attrs"
+version = "25.3.0"
 source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
-sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/f3/0d/f7b6ab21ec75897ed80c17d79b15951a719226b9fababf1e40ea74d69079/chardet-5.2.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:1b3b6ff479a8c414bc3fa2c0852995695c4a026dcd6d0633b2dd092ca39c1cf7", size = 2069618, upload-time = "2023-08-01T19:23:02.662Z" }
+sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/5a/b0/1367933a8532ee6ff8d63537de4f1177af4bff9f3e829baf7331f595bb24/attrs-25.3.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:75d7cefc7fb576747b2c81b4442d4d4a1ce0900973527c011d1030fd3bf4af1b", size = 812032, upload-time = "2025-03-13T11:10:22.779Z" }
 wheels = [
-    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/38/6f/f5fbc992a329ee4e0f288c1fe0e2ad9485ed064cac731ed2fe47dcc38cbf/chardet-5.2.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:e1cf59446890a00105fe7b7912492ea04b6e6f06d4b742b2c788469e34c82970", size = 199385, upload-time = "2023-08-01T19:23:00.661Z" },
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/77/06/bb80f5f86020c4551da315d78b3ab75e8228f89f0162f2c3a819e407941a/attrs-25.3.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:427318ce031701fea540783410126f03899a97ffc6f61596ad581ac2e40e3bc3", size = 63815, upload-time = "2025-03-13T11:10:21.14Z" },
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -41,6 +41,18 @@ wheels = [
     { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/d1/d6/3965ed04c63042e047cb6a3e6ed1a63a35087b6a609aa3a15ed8ac56c221/colorama-0.4.6-py2.py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:4f1d9991f5acc0ca119f9d443620b77f9d6b33703e51011c16baf57afb285fc6", size = 25335, upload-time = "2022-10-25T02:36:20.889Z" },
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "colorlog"
+version = "6.9.0"
+source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
+dependencies = [
+    { name = "colorama", marker = "sys_platform == 'win32'" },
+]
+sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/d3/7a/359f4d5df2353f26172b3cc39ea32daa39af8de522205f512f458923e677/colorlog-6.9.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:bfba54a1b93b94f54e1f4fe48395725a3d92fd2a4af702f6bd70946bdc0c6ac2", size = 16624, upload-time = "2024-10-29T18:34:51.011Z" }
+wheels = [
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/e3/51/9b208e85196941db2f0654ad0357ca6388ab3ed67efdbfc799f35d1f83aa/colorlog-6.9.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:5906e71acd67cb07a71e779c47c4bcb45fb8c2993eebe9e5adcd6a6f1b283eff", size = 11424, upload-time = "2024-10-29T18:34:49.815Z" },
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "csv-helper"
 version = "0.2.3"
@@ -53,9 +65,8 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [package.dev-dependencies]
 dev = [
+    { name = "nox" },
     { name = "pytest" },
-    { name = "tox" },
-    { name = "tox-uv" },
 ]
 
 [package.metadata]
@@ -67,9 +78,20 @@ requires-dist = [
 
 [package.metadata.requires-dev]
 dev = [
-    { name = "pytest", specifier = ">=8.3.2" },
-    { name = "tox", specifier = ">=4.23.2" },
-    { name = "tox-uv", specifier = ">=1.16.0" },
+    { name = "nox", specifier = ">=2025.5.1" },
+    { name = "pytest", specifier = ">=8.3.5" },
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "dependency-groups"
+version = "1.3.1"
+source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
+dependencies = [
+    { name = "packaging" },
+]
+sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/62/55/f054de99871e7beb81935dea8a10b90cd5ce42122b1c3081d5282fdb3621/dependency_groups-1.3.1.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:78078301090517fd938c19f64a53ce98c32834dfe0dee6b88004a569a6adfefd", size = 10093, upload-time = "2025-05-02T00:34:29.452Z" }
+wheels = [
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/99/c7/d1ec24fb280caa5a79b6b950db565dab30210a66259d17d5bb2b3a9f878d/dependency_groups-1.3.1-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:51aeaa0dfad72430fcfb7bcdbefbd75f3792e5919563077f30bc0d73f4493030", size = 8664, upload-time = "2025-05-02T00:34:27.085Z" },
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -120,12 +142,39 @@ wheels = [
     { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/b3/38/89ba8ad64ae25be8de66a6d463314cf1eb366222074cfda9ee839c56a4b4/mdurl-0.1.2-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:84008a41e51615a49fc9966191ff91509e3c40b939176e643fd50a5c2196b8f8", size = 9979, upload-time = "2022-08-14T12:40:09.779Z" },
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "nox"
+version = "2025.5.1"
+source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
+dependencies = [
+    { name = "argcomplete" },
+    { name = "attrs" },
+    { name = "colorlog" },
+    { name = "dependency-groups" },
+    { name = "packaging" },
+    { name = "virtualenv" },
+]
+sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/b4/80/47712208c410defec169992e57c179f0f4d92f5dd17ba8daca50a8077e23/nox-2025.5.1.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:2a571dfa7a58acc726521ac3cd8184455ebcdcbf26401c7b737b5bc6701427b2", size = 4023334, upload-time = "2025-05-01T16:35:48.056Z" }
+wheels = [
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/a6/be/7b423b02b09eb856beffe76fe8c4121c99852db74dd12a422dcb72d1134e/nox-2025.5.1-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:56abd55cf37ff523c254fcec4d152ed51e5fe80e2ab8317221d8b828ac970a31", size = 71753, upload-time = "2025-05-01T16:35:46.037Z" },
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "numpy"
 version = "2.2.6"
 source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
 sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/76/21/7d2a95e4bba9dc13d043ee156a356c0a8f0c6309dff6b21b4d71a073b8a8/numpy-2.2.6.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:e29554e2bef54a90aa5cc07da6ce955accb83f21ab5de01a62c8478897b264fd", size = 20276440, upload-time = "2025-05-17T22:38:04.611Z" }
 wheels = [
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/82/5d/c00588b6cf18e1da539b45d3598d3557084990dcc4331960c15ee776ee41/numpy-2.2.6-cp312-cp312-macosx_10_13_x86_64.whl", hash = "sha256:41c5a21f4a04fa86436124d388f6ed60a9343a6f767fced1a8a71c3fbca038ff", size = 20875348, upload-time = "2025-05-17T21:34:39.648Z" },
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/66/ee/560deadcdde6c2f90200450d5938f63a34b37e27ebff162810f716f6a230/numpy-2.2.6-cp312-cp312-macosx_11_0_arm64.whl", hash = "sha256:de749064336d37e340f640b05f24e9e3dd678c57318c7289d222a8a2f543e90c", size = 14119362, upload-time = "2025-05-17T21:35:01.241Z" },
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 [[package]]
 name = "pytest"
 version = "8.3.5"
@@ -247,40 +284,6 @@ wheels = [
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 ]
 
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-    { name = "platformdirs" },
-    { name = "pluggy" },
-    { name = "pyproject-api" },
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-[[package]]
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-version = "1.25.0"
-source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
-dependencies = [
-    { name = "packaging" },
-    { name = "tox" },
-    { name = "uv" },
-]
-sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/5d/3a/3e445f25978a716ba6674f33f687d9336d0312086a277a778a5e9e9220d7/tox_uv-1.25.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:59ee5e694c41fef7bbcf058f22a5f9b6a8509698def2ea60c08554f4e36b9fcc", size = 21114, upload-time = "2025-02-21T16:37:51.796Z" }
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-
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 name = "typer"
 version = "0.15.4"
@@ -305,31 +308,6 @@ wheels = [
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 ]
 
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-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "virtualenv"
 version = "20.31.2"

From d7e5d62bff6b849fca1dd08b424adba94da9c2a5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Tiu <63322884+winter-again@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 22 May 2025 18:38:50 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 17/47] Add typing to noxfile and hopefully fix bad session
 specification.

---
 .github/workflows/tests.yml | 2 +-
 noxfile.py                  | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/tests.yml b/.github/workflows/tests.yml
index 8905ef5..1ef5fd6 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/tests.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/tests.yml
@@ -40,4 +40,4 @@ jobs:
         run: uv sync --locked --all-extras --dev
 
       - name: Run tests with nox on ${{ matrix.os }}
-        run: uv run -- nox -s "${{ matrix.python-version }}"
+        run: uv run -- nox -s "tests-${{ matrix.python-version }}"
diff --git a/noxfile.py b/noxfile.py
index 4683324..db5d9b8 100644
--- a/noxfile.py
+++ b/noxfile.py
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 
 
 @nox.session(python=["3.12", "3.13"])
-def tests(session):
+def tests(session: nox.Session) -> None:
     """Run tests with pytest."""
     session.run(
         "uv",

From 89874f4e36fee7efac027b9adb3e3e3e56f3bd63 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Tiu <63322884+winter-again@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 22 May 2025 18:39:46 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 18/47] Delete tox config file>

---
 tox.ini | 11 -----------
 1 file changed, 11 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 tox.ini

diff --git a/tox.ini b/tox.ini
deleted file mode 100644
index 042c010..0000000
--- a/tox.ini
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-[tox]
-env_list = py{311,312}
-
-[testenv]
-runner = uv-venv-lock-runner
-description = run tests
-extras =
-    dev
-; groups = test
-; commands = test
-commands = uv run -- pytest -v

From ceab0e6fd8a67f459c78b04dc6c63d1d5c177289 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Tiu <63322884+winter-again@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 22 May 2025 19:19:59 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 19/47] Update README

---
 README.md | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 5323329..658f51e 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@
 
 ![Tests](https://github.com/winter-again/csv-helper/workflows/Tests/badge.svg)
 
-A CLI for working with CSV data. Currently, primary focus is on workflows for imputing masked counts data.
-
-Note: `tests/data` has testing data
+A simple library and CLI for working with CSV data.
 
 ## Installation
 
-```bash
+```sh
+uv add "csv-helper @ git+ssh://git@github.com/winter-again/csv-helper"
+# using pip
 pip install git+https://git@github.com/winter-again/csv-helper
 # or via SSH
 pip install git+ssh://git@github.com/winter-again/csv-helper

From bde5be56a1f8f5b7a3bd338be10c57e9e50b2546 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Tiu <63322884+winter-again@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 23 May 2025 08:09:42 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 20/47] Don't think uv sync inside of nox is needed.

---
 .github/workflows/tests.yml |  2 +-
 noxfile.py                  | 12 ++++++------
 2 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/tests.yml b/.github/workflows/tests.yml
index 1ef5fd6..ae95311 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/tests.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/tests.yml
@@ -40,4 +40,4 @@ jobs:
         run: uv sync --locked --all-extras --dev
 
       - name: Run tests with nox on ${{ matrix.os }}
-        run: uv run -- nox -s "tests-${{ matrix.python-version }}"
+        run: uv run --locked -- nox -s "tests-${{ matrix.python-version }}"
diff --git a/noxfile.py b/noxfile.py
index db5d9b8..c9e68bf 100644
--- a/noxfile.py
+++ b/noxfile.py
@@ -6,10 +6,10 @@
 @nox.session(python=["3.12", "3.13"])
 def tests(session: nox.Session) -> None:
     """Run tests with pytest."""
-    session.run(
-        "uv",
-        "sync",
-        f"--python={session.virtualenv.location}",
-        env={"UV_PROJECT_ENVIRONMENT": session.virtualenv.location},
-    )
+    # session.run(
+    #     "uv",
+    #     "sync",
+    #     f"--python={session.virtualenv.location}",
+    #     env={"UV_PROJECT_ENVIRONMENT": session.virtualenv.location},
+    # )
     session.run("pytest", "-vv", "tests")

From 292d4daf356fb11947d11aeb37ea0ae1c6a1a4d0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Tiu <63322884+winter-again@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 23 May 2025 08:13:49 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 21/47] Add uv sync inside of nox session back

---
 noxfile.py | 12 ++++++------
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/noxfile.py b/noxfile.py
index c9e68bf..db5d9b8 100644
--- a/noxfile.py
+++ b/noxfile.py
@@ -6,10 +6,10 @@
 @nox.session(python=["3.12", "3.13"])
 def tests(session: nox.Session) -> None:
     """Run tests with pytest."""
-    # session.run(
-    #     "uv",
-    #     "sync",
-    #     f"--python={session.virtualenv.location}",
-    #     env={"UV_PROJECT_ENVIRONMENT": session.virtualenv.location},
-    # )
+    session.run(
+        "uv",
+        "sync",
+        f"--python={session.virtualenv.location}",
+        env={"UV_PROJECT_ENVIRONMENT": session.virtualenv.location},
+    )
     session.run("pytest", "-vv", "tests")

From 2e816c2430860232e84f701b4c5c4eb9a59f6927 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Tiu <63322884+winter-again@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 23 May 2025 08:54:56 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 22/47] Need to run uv sync before nox?

---
 .github/workflows/tests.yml | 13 ++++++-------
 noxfile.py                  |  4 +++-
 2 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/tests.yml b/.github/workflows/tests.yml
index ae95311..532e554 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/tests.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/tests.yml
@@ -4,13 +4,9 @@ on:
   push:
     branches:
       - main
-    paths-ignore:
-      - "*.md"
   pull_request:
     branches:
       - main
-    paths-ignore:
-      - "*.md"
 
 jobs:
   test:
@@ -34,10 +30,13 @@ jobs:
           version: "0.7.7"
 
       - name: Set up Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}
-        run: uv python install ${{ matrix.python-version }}
+        uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+        with:
+          python-version-file: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
+        # run: uv python install ${{ matrix.python-version }}
 
-      - name: Install project
-        run: uv sync --locked --all-extras --dev
+      # - name: Install project
+      #   run: uv sync --locked --all-extras
 
       - name: Run tests with nox on ${{ matrix.os }}
         run: uv run --locked -- nox -s "tests-${{ matrix.python-version }}"
diff --git a/noxfile.py b/noxfile.py
index db5d9b8..0ca55cc 100644
--- a/noxfile.py
+++ b/noxfile.py
@@ -6,9 +6,11 @@
 @nox.session(python=["3.12", "3.13"])
 def tests(session: nox.Session) -> None:
     """Run tests with pytest."""
-    session.run(
+    # TODO: run_install vs run? needs install step...
+    session.run_install(
         "uv",
         "sync",
+        "--locked",
         f"--python={session.virtualenv.location}",
         env={"UV_PROJECT_ENVIRONMENT": session.virtualenv.location},
     )

From b8ac30bada8e27a62ff8fca869969da6cb4a2c3d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Tiu <63322884+winter-again@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 23 May 2025 08:56:32 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 23/47] Fix typo in specifying python from matrix

---
 .github/workflows/tests.yml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/tests.yml b/.github/workflows/tests.yml
index 532e554..e8597b1 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/tests.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/tests.yml
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Set up Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}
         uses: actions/setup-python@v5
         with:
-          python-version-file: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
+          python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
         # run: uv python install ${{ matrix.python-version }}
 
       # - name: Install project

From f69f236cd228e2d7b69c4716169f8b91313b4034 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Tiu <63322884+winter-again@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 23 May 2025 09:15:57 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 24/47] Trying to figure out how nox can run without explicit
 install

---
 .github/workflows/tests.yml | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/tests.yml b/.github/workflows/tests.yml
index e8597b1..ee2b0d4 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/tests.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/tests.yml
@@ -37,6 +37,8 @@ jobs:
 
       # - name: Install project
       #   run: uv sync --locked --all-extras
+      - name: Check nox
+        run: uv run nox --list
 
       - name: Run tests with nox on ${{ matrix.os }}
         run: uv run --locked -- nox -s "tests-${{ matrix.python-version }}"

From 91cb28c57ffb9282d67fd6c53b3e1cd205b3ee88 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Tiu <63322884+winter-again@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 23 May 2025 09:17:24 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 25/47] Is it because of uv cache?

---
 .github/workflows/tests.yml | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/tests.yml b/.github/workflows/tests.yml
index ee2b0d4..514d7a9 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/tests.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/tests.yml
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ jobs:
         uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v5
         with:
           version: "0.7.7"
+          enable-cache: false
 
       - name: Set up Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}
         uses: actions/setup-python@v5

From d8f858d4a3fca9e81abe4b8848a1672684972fbb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Tiu <63322884+winter-again@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 23 May 2025 09:22:49 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 26/47] Try with --no-sync

---
 .github/workflows/tests.yml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/tests.yml b/.github/workflows/tests.yml
index 514d7a9..ac6ce17 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/tests.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/tests.yml
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ jobs:
       # - name: Install project
       #   run: uv sync --locked --all-extras
       - name: Check nox
-        run: uv run nox --list
+        run: uv run --no-sync -- nox --list
 
       - name: Run tests with nox on ${{ matrix.os }}
         run: uv run --locked -- nox -s "tests-${{ matrix.python-version }}"

From 38bd6fad55326ddc62b3ce1e50ec0f69f5bc2f52 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Tiu <63322884+winter-again@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 23 May 2025 09:37:14 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 27/47] Try again

---
 .github/workflows/tests.yml | 7 ++-----
 noxfile.py                  | 1 -
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/tests.yml b/.github/workflows/tests.yml
index ac6ce17..7b97452 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/tests.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/tests.yml
@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@ jobs:
         uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v5
         with:
           version: "0.7.7"
-          enable-cache: false
 
       - name: Set up Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}
         uses: actions/setup-python@v5
@@ -36,10 +35,8 @@ jobs:
           python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
         # run: uv python install ${{ matrix.python-version }}
 
-      # - name: Install project
-      #   run: uv sync --locked --all-extras
-      - name: Check nox
-        run: uv run --no-sync -- nox --list
+      - name: Install project
+        run: uv sync --locked "--python=${{ matrix.python-version }}"
 
       - name: Run tests with nox on ${{ matrix.os }}
         run: uv run --locked -- nox -s "tests-${{ matrix.python-version }}"
diff --git a/noxfile.py b/noxfile.py
index 0ca55cc..3da33c4 100644
--- a/noxfile.py
+++ b/noxfile.py
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@
 @nox.session(python=["3.12", "3.13"])
 def tests(session: nox.Session) -> None:
     """Run tests with pytest."""
-    # TODO: run_install vs run? needs install step...
     session.run_install(
         "uv",
         "sync",

From 7777ab873c96aff67abb13b49fa1ddc04f6d119b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Tiu <63322884+winter-again@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 23 May 2025 09:39:37 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 28/47] Remove --python flag from sync

---
 .github/workflows/tests.yml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/tests.yml b/.github/workflows/tests.yml
index 7b97452..0c01076 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/tests.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/tests.yml
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ jobs:
         # run: uv python install ${{ matrix.python-version }}
 
       - name: Install project
-        run: uv sync --locked "--python=${{ matrix.python-version }}"
+        run: uv sync --locked
 
       - name: Run tests with nox on ${{ matrix.os }}
         run: uv run --locked -- nox -s "tests-${{ matrix.python-version }}"

From 1cb5d8e9a5c1628a551b10133893be0fec565dc1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Tiu <63322884+winter-again@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 23 May 2025 09:54:29 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 29/47] Check behavior of auto python install on uv sync

---
 .github/workflows/tests.yml | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/tests.yml b/.github/workflows/tests.yml
index 0c01076..2d63717 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/tests.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/tests.yml
@@ -25,9 +25,9 @@ jobs:
         uses: actions/checkout@v4
 
       - name: Install uv
-        uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v5
+        uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v6
         with:
-          version: "0.7.7"
+          version: "latest"
 
       - name: Set up Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}
         uses: actions/setup-python@v5
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ jobs:
         # run: uv python install ${{ matrix.python-version }}
 
       - name: Install project
-        run: uv sync --locked
+        run: uv sync --locked --python="3.13" --no-python-downloads
 
       - name: Run tests with nox on ${{ matrix.os }}
         run: uv run --locked -- nox -s "tests-${{ matrix.python-version }}"

From f77d7c44730ee9f55368e233e3e83705151556b2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Tiu <63322884+winter-again@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 23 May 2025 09:56:50 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 30/47] Potentially unnecessary but force uv sync to use
 matrix's python ver

---
 .github/workflows/tests.yml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/tests.yml b/.github/workflows/tests.yml
index 2d63717..3f01c12 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/tests.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/tests.yml
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ jobs:
         # run: uv python install ${{ matrix.python-version }}
 
       - name: Install project
-        run: uv sync --locked --python="3.13" --no-python-downloads
+        run: uv sync --locked --python="${{ matrix.python-version }}"
 
       - name: Run tests with nox on ${{ matrix.os }}
         run: uv run --locked -- nox -s "tests-${{ matrix.python-version }}"

From 7c87a8be124d6e6efcfc018eb768eac0602e8d78 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Tiu <63322884+winter-again@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 23 May 2025 10:01:32 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 31/47] Same for uv run command. Why should it install another
 version that isn't what's used in testing?

---
 .github/workflows/tests.yml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/tests.yml b/.github/workflows/tests.yml
index 3f01c12..833fc5d 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/tests.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/tests.yml
@@ -39,4 +39,4 @@ jobs:
         run: uv sync --locked --python="${{ matrix.python-version }}"
 
       - name: Run tests with nox on ${{ matrix.os }}
-        run: uv run --locked -- nox -s "tests-${{ matrix.python-version }}"
+        run: uv run --locked --python="${{ matrix.python-version }}" -- nox -s "tests-${{ matrix.python-version }}"

From 55cba725463a24da3cdef02a776f2f6cc9a5c0d6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Tiu <63322884+winter-again@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 23 May 2025 10:08:37 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 32/47] Try without python versions in noxfile

---
 noxfile.py | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/noxfile.py b/noxfile.py
index 3da33c4..a81a954 100644
--- a/noxfile.py
+++ b/noxfile.py
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 nox.options.default_venv_backend = "uv"
 
 
-@nox.session(python=["3.12", "3.13"])
+@nox.session
 def tests(session: nox.Session) -> None:
     """Run tests with pytest."""
     session.run_install(

From fa5b092de092d3b8887a67e4f092f16b6cc1b8ad Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Tiu <63322884+winter-again@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 23 May 2025 16:37:01 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 33/47] Try using uv tool run

---
 .github/workflows/tests.yml | 9 +++++----
 noxfile.py                  | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/tests.yml b/.github/workflows/tests.yml
index 833fc5d..99a8979 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/tests.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/tests.yml
@@ -30,13 +30,14 @@ jobs:
           version: "latest"
 
       - name: Set up Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}
+        # run: uv python install ${{ matrix.python-version }}
         uses: actions/setup-python@v5
         with:
           python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
-        # run: uv python install ${{ matrix.python-version }}
 
-      - name: Install project
-        run: uv sync --locked --python="${{ matrix.python-version }}"
+      # - name: Install project
+      #   run: uv sync --locked --python="${{ matrix.python-version }}"
 
       - name: Run tests with nox on ${{ matrix.os }}
-        run: uv run --locked --python="${{ matrix.python-version }}" -- nox -s "tests-${{ matrix.python-version }}"
+        # run: uv run --locked --python="${{ matrix.python-version }}" -- nox -s "tests-${{ matrix.python-version }}"
+        run: uv tool run nox -s "tests-${{ matrix.python-version }}"
diff --git a/noxfile.py b/noxfile.py
index a81a954..3da33c4 100644
--- a/noxfile.py
+++ b/noxfile.py
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 nox.options.default_venv_backend = "uv"
 
 
-@nox.session
+@nox.session(python=["3.12", "3.13"])
 def tests(session: nox.Session) -> None:
     """Run tests with pytest."""
     session.run_install(

From ef5ceedd1731377f6e968845b609b6d7992c1e19 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Tiu <63322884+winter-again@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 23 May 2025 16:42:03 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 34/47] Try uv pip install --system .

---
 .github/workflows/tests.yml | 6 ++++--
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/tests.yml b/.github/workflows/tests.yml
index 99a8979..e84e0de 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/tests.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/tests.yml
@@ -37,7 +37,9 @@ jobs:
 
       # - name: Install project
       #   run: uv sync --locked --python="${{ matrix.python-version }}"
+      
+      - name: Install nox
+        run: uv pip install --system .
 
       - name: Run tests with nox on ${{ matrix.os }}
-        # run: uv run --locked --python="${{ matrix.python-version }}" -- nox -s "tests-${{ matrix.python-version }}"
-        run: uv tool run nox -s "tests-${{ matrix.python-version }}"
+        run: uv run --locked --python="${{ matrix.python-version }}" -- nox -s "tests-${{ matrix.python-version }}"

From 80b9c1d3982db2475082112326f696b529b6a3bc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Tiu <63322884+winter-again@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 23 May 2025 16:44:23 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 35/47] Try uv sync --locked --only-dev

---
 .github/workflows/tests.yml | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/tests.yml b/.github/workflows/tests.yml
index e84e0de..a6e97fb 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/tests.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/tests.yml
@@ -35,11 +35,11 @@ jobs:
         with:
           python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
 
-      # - name: Install project
-      #   run: uv sync --locked --python="${{ matrix.python-version }}"
-      
       - name: Install nox
-        run: uv pip install --system .
+        run: uv sync --locked --only-dev
+      
+      # - name: Install nox
+      #   run: uv pip install --system .
 
       - name: Run tests with nox on ${{ matrix.os }}
         run: uv run --locked --python="${{ matrix.python-version }}" -- nox -s "tests-${{ matrix.python-version }}"

From af1c8e6c0fb881152ad80026cab90af64287442e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Tiu <63322884+winter-again@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 23 May 2025 16:46:00 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 36/47] Get rid of --python flag

---
 .github/workflows/tests.yml | 5 +----
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/tests.yml b/.github/workflows/tests.yml
index a6e97fb..03e61e7 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/tests.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/tests.yml
@@ -38,8 +38,5 @@ jobs:
       - name: Install nox
         run: uv sync --locked --only-dev
       
-      # - name: Install nox
-      #   run: uv pip install --system .
-
       - name: Run tests with nox on ${{ matrix.os }}
-        run: uv run --locked --python="${{ matrix.python-version }}" -- nox -s "tests-${{ matrix.python-version }}"
+        run: uv run --locked -- nox -s "tests-${{ matrix.python-version }}"

From fefc706a9d1d800c1e7ceb65c731ecc495a7f656 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Tiu <63322884+winter-again@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 23 May 2025 16:57:48 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 37/47] Maybe middle ground

---
 .github/workflows/tests.yml | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/tests.yml b/.github/workflows/tests.yml
index 03e61e7..c896e37 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/tests.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/tests.yml
@@ -35,8 +35,8 @@ jobs:
         with:
           python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
 
-      - name: Install nox
-        run: uv sync --locked --only-dev
+      - name: Install dev dependencies
+        run: uv sync --locked --only-dev --python="${{ matrix.python-version }}"
       
       - name: Run tests with nox on ${{ matrix.os }}
-        run: uv run --locked -- nox -s "tests-${{ matrix.python-version }}"
+        run: uv run --locked --python="${{ matrix.python-version }}" -- nox -s "tests-${{ matrix.python-version }}"

From c4992f559330b987bbb8259904a340fd2e026249 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Tiu <63322884+winter-again@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 25 May 2025 10:18:02 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 38/47] Overhaul of impute file command structure. Reduce
 verbose output and simplify. Deciding against rich print and instead defining
 console for greater control of highlighting/markup.

---
 .github/workflows/tests.yml |   1 -
 .gitignore                  |   6 +-
 src/csv_helper/cli.py       | 161 ++++++++++++++++--------------------
 src/csv_helper/impute.py    |   1 +
 tests/impute_test.py        |   1 +
 uv.lock                     |   2 +-
 6 files changed, 75 insertions(+), 97 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/tests.yml b/.github/workflows/tests.yml
index c896e37..aec5c81 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/tests.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/tests.yml
@@ -30,7 +30,6 @@ jobs:
           version: "latest"
 
       - name: Set up Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}
-        # run: uv python install ${{ matrix.python-version }}
         uses: actions/setup-python@v5
         with:
           python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 4fbdf0d..31f2fe3 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -1,9 +1,5 @@
 .venv/
-/data/
 __pycache__/
-.pdm-python
 dist/
 sdist/
-test.py
-scratch.py
-co-est2023-alldata.csv
+/data/
diff --git a/src/csv_helper/cli.py b/src/csv_helper/cli.py
index 71deeac..3b28444 100644
--- a/src/csv_helper/cli.py
+++ b/src/csv_helper/cli.py
@@ -2,24 +2,26 @@
 from enum import Enum
 from importlib.metadata import version
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import NamedTuple, Optional
+from typing import NamedTuple
 
 import click
 import numpy as np
 import polars as pl
 import typer
 from numpy.random import Generator
-from rich import print
 from rich.console import Console
 from rich.progress import Progress, SpinnerColumn, TextColumn
 from rich.prompt import Confirm
 from rich.table import Table
 from typing_extensions import Annotated
 
+from . import impute
+
 app = typer.Typer(no_args_is_help=True, help="A CLI for working with CSV data")
 impute_app = typer.Typer(no_args_is_help=True, help="Impute CSV data")
 app.add_typer(impute_app, name="impute")
 
+console = Console()
 err_console = Console(stderr=True)
 
 
@@ -86,8 +88,13 @@ def check(
             help="The CSV file to check",
         ),
     ],
-    fill_col: Annotated[
-        str, typer.Option("--col", "-c", help="Name of the column to check")
+    columns: Annotated[
+        list[str],
+        typer.Option(
+            "--col",
+            "-c",
+            help="Name of a column to check. Specify this for each column you want checked.",
+        ),
     ],
     fill_flag: Annotated[
         str,
@@ -95,19 +102,12 @@ def check(
     ],
 ) -> None:
     """
-    Check a column in a CSV file for occurrences of some string flag.
+    Summarize counts and proportion of instances of `fill_flag` in each of
+    the given columns.
     """
     df = pl.read_csv(input, infer_schema_length=0)
 
-    if fill_col not in df.columns:
-        err_console.print(f"Column {fill_col} cannot be found in {input}")
-        raise typer.Abort()
-
-    imp_size = df.filter(pl.col(fill_col) == fill_flag).height
-    print(
-        f"Found [blue]{imp_size:_}[/blue] occurrences of '{fill_flag}' in '{fill_col}' -> [blue]{(imp_size / df.height):0.2f}[/blue] of rows (n = {df.height:_})"
-    )
-    print(df.filter(pl.col(fill_col) == fill_flag).head())
+    print(impute.check(df, columns, fill_flag))
 
 
 class FillRange(NamedTuple):
@@ -117,11 +117,20 @@ class FillRange(NamedTuple):
 
 # NOTE: see https://github.com/fastapi/typer/issues/182#issuecomment-1708245110
 # and https://github.com/fastapi/typer/issues/151#issuecomment-1975322806
-# for workaround for working with enums like this such that Typer understands the args properly
-# without having to translate strings or ints to the values we really want
+# for this workaround for working with enums such that Typer understands the args properly
+# without having to map strings or ints to the values we really want
 class ColType(Enum):
-    INT64 = pl.Int64
+    FLOAT32 = pl.Float32
     FLOAT64 = pl.Float64
+    INT8 = pl.Int8
+    INT16 = pl.Int16
+    INT32 = pl.Int32
+    INT64 = pl.Int64
+    INT128 = pl.Int128
+    UINT8 = pl.UInt8
+    UINT16 = pl.UInt16
+    UINT32 = pl.UInt32
+    UINT64 = pl.UInt64
 
 
 def validate_inp_out(input: Path, output: Path, force: bool) -> None:
@@ -193,27 +202,20 @@ def impute_file(
             help="Path to target CSV file",
         ),
     ],
-    output: Annotated[
-        Path,
-        # NOTE: if exists = False, other checks still run if the Path happens to (file/dir) exist
-        typer.Argument(
-            exists=False,
-            file_okay=True,
-            dir_okay=False,
-            writable=True,
-            readable=False,
-            help="Path to save the output CSV file",
+    columns: Annotated[
+        list[str],
+        typer.Option(
+            "--col",
+            "-c",
+            help="Name of a column to impute. Specify this for each colum you wanted imputed.",
         ),
     ],
-    fill_col: Annotated[
-        str, typer.Option("--col", "-c", help="Name of the column to impute")
-    ],
     fill_flag: Annotated[
         str,
         typer.Option(
             "--flag",
             "-f",
-            help="Flag (string) to look for and replace in the target column",
+            help="Flag/marker to find and replace in the target column(s)",
         ),
     ],
     fill_range: Annotated[
@@ -222,10 +224,24 @@ def impute_file(
             "--range",
             "-r",
             metavar="TEXT",
-            help="Closed, integer interval from which to sample random integer for imputation. Specify as comma-separated values. For example: '1,5' corresponds to the range [1, 5]",
+            help='Closed, integer interval from which to sample random integer for imputation. Specify as comma-separated values. For example: "1,5" corresponds to the range [1, 5]',
             parser=parse_fill_range,
         ),
     ],
+    output: Annotated[
+        Path | None,
+        # NOTE: if exists = False, other checks still run if the Path happens to (file/dir) exist
+        typer.Option(
+            "--out",
+            "-o",
+            exists=False,
+            file_okay=True,
+            dir_okay=False,
+            writable=True,
+            readable=False,
+            help="Path to save the imputed CSV file. If not specified, defaults to printing result to stdout",
+        ),
+    ] = None,
     col_type: Annotated[
         str,
         typer.Option(
@@ -236,8 +252,8 @@ def impute_file(
         ),
     ] = ColType.INT64.name,
     seed: Annotated[
-        int, typer.Option("--seed", "-s", help="Random seed for reproducibility")
-    ] = 123,
+        int | None, typer.Option("--seed", "-s", help="Random seed for reproducibility")
+    ] = None,
     verbose: Annotated[
         bool,
         typer.Option(
@@ -260,25 +276,16 @@ def impute_file(
     ] = False,
 ) -> None:
     """
-    Impute a target column in a CSV file. Will look for the specified filler flag in the target column
-    and replace it with a random integer from the specified range. Save the result to a new CSV file.
+    Impute target column(s) in a CSV file. Will look for the specified flag and replace
+    it with a random integer from the specified range. Optionally, save the result to a new CSV file.
     """
-    validate_inp_out(input, output, force)
-    create_dir = check_create_dir(output)
+    create_dir = False
+    if output is not None:
+        validate_inp_out(input, output, force)
+        create_dir = check_create_dir(output)
 
     df = pl.read_csv(input, infer_schema_length=0)
 
-    if fill_col not in df.columns:
-        err_console.print(f"Column {fill_col} cannot be found in {input}")
-        raise typer.Abort()
-
-    if not fill_flag_exists(df, fill_col, fill_flag):
-        err_console.print(f"Cannot find any instances of '{fill_flag}' in {fill_col}")
-        raise typer.Abort()
-
-    if verbose:
-        imp_size = df.filter(pl.col(fill_col) == fill_flag).height
-
     with Progress(
         SpinnerColumn(),
         TextColumn("[progress.description]{task.description}"),
@@ -286,49 +293,27 @@ def impute_file(
     ) as progress:
         progress.add_task(description="Imputing...", total=None)
 
-        # WARN: setting seed means that each use of this CLI cmd with same seed
-        # will generate same integers, but repeated calls inside of this func
-        # won't generate the same set of integers
-        rng = np.random.default_rng(seed)
-        cast_type = ColType[col_type]
-
         t0 = time.perf_counter()
-        df = df.with_columns(
-            pl.when(pl.col(fill_col) == fill_flag)
-            .then(
-                pl.lit(
-                    # NOTE: must specify size to be height of df despite not filling every row
-                    # thus, we get "new" rand int per row
-                    rng.integers(
-                        fill_range.lb, fill_range.ub, size=df.height, endpoint=True
-                    )
-                )
-            )
-            .otherwise(pl.col(fill_col))
-            .alias(fill_col)
-            .cast(cast_type.value)
+        df = impute.columns(
+            df, columns, fill_flag, fill_range, ColType[col_type].value, seed
         )
         t1 = time.perf_counter()
 
-        if create_dir:
-            output.parent.mkdir(parents=True)
+        if output is not None:
+            if create_dir:
+                output.parent.mkdir(parents=True)
 
-        df.write_csv(output)
+            df.write_csv(output)
 
-    print("[green]Finished imputing[/green]...")
+    console.print("[green]Finished imputing[/green]...")
 
     if verbose:
-        table = Table(title="Imputation statistics", show_header=False)
-        table.add_row("[blue]Count of imputed values[/blue]", f"{imp_size:_}")
-        table.add_row(
-            "[blue]Proportion of imputed values[/blue]",
-            f"{(imp_size / df.height):0.2f} (n = {df.height:_})",
+        console.print(f"\n[bold]Time taken[/bold]: {(t1 - t0):0.3f}s", highlight=False)
+        console.print("[bold]Preview of result:[/bold]")
+        console.print(
+            df.filter(pl.col(col) <= fill_range.ub for col in columns).head(),
+            highlight=False,
         )
-        table.add_row("[blue]Seed[/blue]", f"{seed}")
-        table.add_row("[blue]Time taken[/blue]", f"~{(t1 - t0):0.3f} s")
-        print(table)
-
-        print(df.filter(pl.col(fill_col) <= fill_range.ub).head())
 
 
 class FillCols(NamedTuple):
@@ -440,7 +425,7 @@ def impute_pair(
         ),
     ] = False,
     sep_denom: Annotated[
-        Optional[Path],
+        Path | None,
         typer.Option(
             "--sep-denom",
             exists=True,
@@ -457,7 +442,7 @@ def impute_pair(
         ),
     ] = None,
     sep_cols: Annotated[
-        Optional[list[str]],
+        list[str] | None,
         typer.Option(
             "--sep-cols",
             help="Comma-separated list of column names on which to join the numerator and denominator data",
@@ -465,7 +450,7 @@ def impute_pair(
         ),
     ] = None,
     sep_out: Annotated[
-        Optional[Path],
+        Path | None,
         typer.Option(
             "--sep-out",
             exists=False,
@@ -872,7 +857,3 @@ def impute_dir(
             print(table)
 
             print(df.filter(pl.col(fill_col) <= fill_range.ub).head())
-
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    app()
diff --git a/src/csv_helper/impute.py b/src/csv_helper/impute.py
index 08339ea..76a28e6 100644
--- a/src/csv_helper/impute.py
+++ b/src/csv_helper/impute.py
@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@ def check[T: (pl.DataFrame, pl.LazyFrame)](
             prop=pl.col("value").filter(pl.col("value") == fill_flag).count()
             / pl.count(),
         )
+        .sort("column")
     )
 
 
diff --git a/tests/impute_test.py b/tests/impute_test.py
index 7fb8ac0..c756555 100644
--- a/tests/impute_test.py
+++ b/tests/impute_test.py
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 from csv_helper import impute
 
+# TODO: make reusable
 df_inp = pl.DataFrame(
     {
         "id": ["A", "A", "A", "B", "B", "C", "C", "A", "A", "A", "D", "D"],
diff --git a/uv.lock b/uv.lock
index a49d157..61d4994 100644
--- a/uv.lock
+++ b/uv.lock
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ wheels = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "csv-helper"
-version = "0.2.3"
+version = "0.3.0"
 source = { editable = "." }
 dependencies = [
     { name = "numpy" },

From abb8014da283c5916e72de9dcc76e40e551d7f73 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Tiu <63322884+winter-again@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 28 May 2025 15:18:42 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 39/47] Improve impute tests

---
 tests/impute_test.py | 183 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------------
 1 file changed, 132 insertions(+), 51 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/impute_test.py b/tests/impute_test.py
index c756555..abc85b5 100644
--- a/tests/impute_test.py
+++ b/tests/impute_test.py
@@ -1,57 +1,138 @@
+from io import StringIO
+
 import polars as pl
+import pytest
+from polars.testing import assert_frame_equal, assert_frame_not_equal
 
 from csv_helper import impute
 
-# TODO: make reusable
-df_inp = pl.DataFrame(
-    {
-        "id": ["A", "A", "A", "B", "B", "C", "C", "A", "A", "A", "D", "D"],
-        "count": [
-            "10",
-            "15",
-            "<=5",
-            "<=5",
-            "12",
-            "50",
-            "<=5",
-            "10",
-            "15",
-            "<=5",
-            "<=5",
-            "<=5",
-        ],
-        "count_2": [
-            "15",
-            "10",
-            "<=5",
-            "12",
-            "<=5",
-            "<=5",
-            "10",
-            "50",
-            "<=5",
-            "<=5",
-            "15",
-            "<=5",
-        ],
-    }
-)
-
-# TODO: test values are <= 5
-# TODO: test with seed?
-
-
-def test_impute_columns_single() -> None:
-    df = df_inp.pipe(impute.columns, ["count"], "<=5", (1, 5))
-
-    assert df.select((pl.col("count").cast(pl.String) == "<=5").any()).item() is False
-
-
-def test_impute_pair() -> None:
-    df = df_inp.pipe(impute.column_pair, "count", "count_2", "<=5", (1, 5))
-
-    assert (
-        df.select((pl.col("count").cast(pl.String) == "<=5").any()).item() is False
-        and df.select((pl.col("count_2").cast(pl.String) == "<=5").any()).item()
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def df_inp() -> pl.DataFrame:
+    data = """
+    id,numerator,denominator,imp_num,imp_denom
+    A,10,15,false,false
+    A,<=5,<=5,true,true
+    A,12,23,false,false
+    B,<=5,<=5,true,true
+    A,22,24,false,false
+    B,<=5,13,true,false
+    B,<=5,<=5,true,true
+    A,10,15,false,false
+    C,<=5,<=5,false,true
+    C,<=5,<=5,true,true
+    A,<=5,<=5,true,true
+    A,22,15,false,false
+    B,<=5,13,true,false
+    A,<=5,<=5,false,true
+    C,100,128,false,false
+    C,<=5,<=5,true,true
+    D,<=5,<=5,true,true
+    A,22,23,false,false
+    B,<=5,18,true,false
+    H,8,17,false,false
+    A,10,16,false,false
+    A,<=5,<=5,true,true
+    H,<=5,<=5,true,true
+    A,22,88,false,false
+    B,<=5,23,true,false
+    C,<=5,<=5,true,true
+    A,<=5,<=5,false,true
+    C,100,1300,false,false
+    C,<=5,<=5,true,true
+    D,<=5,<=5,true,true
+    """
+    df = pl.read_csv(
+        StringIO(data),
+        schema={
+            "id": pl.String,
+            "numerator": pl.String,
+            "denominator": pl.String,
+            "imp_num": pl.Boolean,
+            "imp_denom": pl.Boolean,
+        },
+    )
+
+    return df
+
+
+def test_impute_columns_single(df_inp: pl.DataFrame) -> None:
+    df_out = df_inp.pipe(impute.columns, ["numerator"], "<=5", (1, 5))
+
+    assert df_inp.shape == df_out.shape
+    assert (
+        df_out.select((pl.col("numerator").cast(pl.String) == "<=5").any()).item()
+        is False
+    )
+    assert (
+        df_out.filter(pl.col("imp_num")).select((pl.col("numerator") <= 5).all()).item()
+        is True
+    )
+
+
+def test_impute_columns_multi(df_inp: pl.DataFrame) -> None:
+    df_out = df_inp.pipe(impute.columns, ["numerator", "denominator"], "<=5", (1, 5))
+
+    assert df_inp.shape == df_out.shape
+    assert (
+        df_out.select((pl.col("numerator").cast(pl.String) == "<=5").any()).item()
         is False
     )
+    assert (
+        df_out.select((pl.col("denominator").cast(pl.String) == "<=5").any()).item()
+        is False
+    )
+
+    assert (
+        df_out.filter(pl.col("imp_num")).select((pl.col("numerator") <= 5).all()).item()
+        is True
+    )
+    assert (
+        df_out.filter(pl.col("imp_denom"))
+        .select((pl.col("denominator") <= 5).all())
+        .item()
+        is True
+    )
+
+
+def test_impute_columns_seed(df_inp: pl.DataFrame) -> None:
+    df_1 = df_inp.pipe(impute.columns, ["numerator"], "<=5", (1, 5))
+    df_2 = df_inp.pipe(impute.columns, ["numerator"], "<=5", (1, 5))
+
+    assert df_1.shape == df_2.shape
+    assert_frame_not_equal(df_1, df_2)
+
+    df_1 = df_inp.pipe(impute.columns, ["numerator"], "<=5", (1, 5), seed=18)
+    df_2 = df_inp.pipe(impute.columns, ["numerator"], "<=5", (1, 5), seed=18)
+
+    assert df_1.shape == df_2.shape
+    assert_frame_equal(df_1, df_2)
+
+
+def test_impute_pair(df_inp: pl.DataFrame) -> None:
+    df_out = df_inp.pipe(impute.column_pair, "numerator", "denominator", "<=5", (1, 5))
+
+    assert df_inp.shape == df_out.shape
+    assert (
+        df_out.select((pl.col("numerator").cast(pl.String) == "<=5").any()).item()
+        is False
+        and df_out.select((pl.col("denominator").cast(pl.String) == "<=5").any()).item()
+        is False
+    )
+    assert (
+        df_out.filter(pl.col("imp_num")).select((pl.col("numerator") <= 5).all()).item()
+        is True
+    )
+    assert (
+        df_out.filter(pl.col("imp_denom"))
+        .select((pl.col("denominator") <= 5).all())
+        .item()
+        is True
+    )
+
+    assert (
+        df_out.filter(pl.col("imp_denom"))
+        .select((pl.col("numerator") <= pl.col("denominator")).all())
+        .item()
+        is True
+    )

From 2ef64cd733d1f8ba64ef95c51cd69394fdf30d04 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Tiu <63322884+winter-again@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 28 May 2025 15:34:27 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 40/47] Use lazy() in some cases. Tests for LazyFrames.

---
 src/csv_helper/impute.py |   8 +-
 tests/impute_test.py     | 153 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 157 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/csv_helper/impute.py b/src/csv_helper/impute.py
index 76a28e6..9edcaea 100644
--- a/src/csv_helper/impute.py
+++ b/src/csv_helper/impute.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ def check[T: (pl.DataFrame, pl.LazyFrame)](
     the given columns.
     """
     for col in columns:
-        if col not in df.columns:
+        if col not in df.lazy().collect_schema().names():
             raise ValueError(f"Column {col} doesn't exist")
 
         if not _fill_flag_exists(df, col, fill_flag):
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ def columns[T: (pl.DataFrame, pl.LazyFrame)](
     to that Polars type. Only supports Polars integer and float types.
     """
     for col in columns:
-        if col not in df.columns:
+        if col not in df.lazy().collect_schema().names():
             raise ValueError(f"Column {col} doesn't exist")
 
         if not _fill_flag_exists(df, col, fill_flag):
@@ -160,10 +160,10 @@ def column_pair[T: (pl.DataFrame, pl.LazyFrame)](
     behavior for the numerator when denominator is less than or equal to the
     `fill_range` upper bound since such imputation happens per-row.
     """
-    if numerator not in df.columns:
+    if numerator not in df.lazy().collect_schema().names():
         raise ValueError(f"Column {numerator} doesn't exist")
 
-    if denominator not in df.columns:
+    if denominator not in df.lazy().collect_schema().names():
         raise ValueError(f"Column {numerator} doesn't exist")
 
     if not _fill_flag_exists(df, numerator, fill_flag):
diff --git a/tests/impute_test.py b/tests/impute_test.py
index abc85b5..597e522 100644
--- a/tests/impute_test.py
+++ b/tests/impute_test.py
@@ -56,6 +56,55 @@ def df_inp() -> pl.DataFrame:
     return df
 
 
+@pytest.fixture
+def lf_inp() -> pl.LazyFrame:
+    data = """
+    id,numerator,denominator,imp_num,imp_denom
+    A,10,15,false,false
+    A,<=5,<=5,true,true
+    A,12,23,false,false
+    B,<=5,<=5,true,true
+    A,22,24,false,false
+    B,<=5,13,true,false
+    B,<=5,<=5,true,true
+    A,10,15,false,false
+    C,<=5,<=5,false,true
+    C,<=5,<=5,true,true
+    A,<=5,<=5,true,true
+    A,22,15,false,false
+    B,<=5,13,true,false
+    A,<=5,<=5,false,true
+    C,100,128,false,false
+    C,<=5,<=5,true,true
+    D,<=5,<=5,true,true
+    A,22,23,false,false
+    B,<=5,18,true,false
+    H,8,17,false,false
+    A,10,16,false,false
+    A,<=5,<=5,true,true
+    H,<=5,<=5,true,true
+    A,22,88,false,false
+    B,<=5,23,true,false
+    C,<=5,<=5,true,true
+    A,<=5,<=5,false,true
+    C,100,1300,false,false
+    C,<=5,<=5,true,true
+    D,<=5,<=5,true,true
+    """
+    lf = pl.scan_csv(
+        StringIO(data),
+        schema={
+            "id": pl.String,
+            "numerator": pl.String,
+            "denominator": pl.String,
+            "imp_num": pl.Boolean,
+            "imp_denom": pl.Boolean,
+        },
+    )
+
+    return lf
+
+
 def test_impute_columns_single(df_inp: pl.DataFrame) -> None:
     df_out = df_inp.pipe(impute.columns, ["numerator"], "<=5", (1, 5))
 
@@ -70,6 +119,25 @@ def test_impute_columns_single(df_inp: pl.DataFrame) -> None:
     )
 
 
+def test_impute_columns_single_lazy(lf_inp: pl.LazyFrame) -> None:
+    lf_out = lf_inp.pipe(impute.columns, ["numerator"], "<=5", (1, 5))
+
+    assert lf_inp.collect().shape == lf_out.collect().shape
+    assert (
+        lf_out.select((pl.col("numerator").cast(pl.String) == "<=5").any())
+        .collect()
+        .item()
+        is False
+    )
+    assert (
+        lf_out.filter(pl.col("imp_num"))
+        .select((pl.col("numerator") <= 5).all())
+        .collect()
+        .item()
+        is True
+    )
+
+
 def test_impute_columns_multi(df_inp: pl.DataFrame) -> None:
     df_out = df_inp.pipe(impute.columns, ["numerator", "denominator"], "<=5", (1, 5))
 
@@ -95,6 +163,39 @@ def test_impute_columns_multi(df_inp: pl.DataFrame) -> None:
     )
 
 
+def test_impute_columns_multi_lazy(lf_inp: pl.LazyFrame) -> None:
+    lf_out = lf_inp.pipe(impute.columns, ["numerator", "denominator"], "<=5", (1, 5))
+
+    assert lf_inp.collect().shape == lf_out.collect().shape
+    assert (
+        lf_out.select((pl.col("numerator").cast(pl.String) == "<=5").any())
+        .collect()
+        .item()
+        is False
+    )
+    assert (
+        lf_out.select((pl.col("denominator").cast(pl.String) == "<=5").any())
+        .collect()
+        .item()
+        is False
+    )
+
+    assert (
+        lf_out.filter(pl.col("imp_num"))
+        .select((pl.col("numerator") <= 5).all())
+        .collect()
+        .item()
+        is True
+    )
+    assert (
+        lf_out.filter(pl.col("imp_denom"))
+        .select((pl.col("denominator") <= 5).all())
+        .collect()
+        .item()
+        is True
+    )
+
+
 def test_impute_columns_seed(df_inp: pl.DataFrame) -> None:
     df_1 = df_inp.pipe(impute.columns, ["numerator"], "<=5", (1, 5))
     df_2 = df_inp.pipe(impute.columns, ["numerator"], "<=5", (1, 5))
@@ -109,6 +210,20 @@ def test_impute_columns_seed(df_inp: pl.DataFrame) -> None:
     assert_frame_equal(df_1, df_2)
 
 
+def test_impute_columns_seed_lazy(lf_inp: pl.LazyFrame) -> None:
+    lf_1 = lf_inp.pipe(impute.columns, ["numerator"], "<=5", (1, 5))
+    lf_2 = lf_inp.pipe(impute.columns, ["numerator"], "<=5", (1, 5))
+
+    assert lf_1.collect().shape == lf_2.collect().shape
+    assert_frame_not_equal(lf_1, lf_2)
+
+    lf_1 = lf_inp.pipe(impute.columns, ["numerator"], "<=5", (1, 5), seed=18)
+    lf_2 = lf_inp.pipe(impute.columns, ["numerator"], "<=5", (1, 5), seed=18)
+
+    assert lf_1.collect().shape == lf_2.collect().shape
+    assert_frame_equal(lf_1, lf_2)
+
+
 def test_impute_pair(df_inp: pl.DataFrame) -> None:
     df_out = df_inp.pipe(impute.column_pair, "numerator", "denominator", "<=5", (1, 5))
 
@@ -136,3 +251,41 @@ def test_impute_pair(df_inp: pl.DataFrame) -> None:
         .item()
         is True
     )
+
+
+def test_impute_pair_lazy(lf_inp: pl.LazyFrame) -> None:
+    lf_out = lf_inp.pipe(impute.column_pair, "numerator", "denominator", "<=5", (1, 5))
+
+    assert lf_inp.collect().shape == lf_out.collect().shape
+    assert (
+        lf_out.select((pl.col("numerator").cast(pl.String) == "<=5").any())
+        .collect()
+        .item()
+        is False
+        and lf_out.select((pl.col("denominator").cast(pl.String) == "<=5").any())
+        .collect()
+        .item()
+        is False
+    )
+    assert (
+        lf_out.filter(pl.col("imp_num"))
+        .select((pl.col("numerator") <= 5).all())
+        .collect()
+        .item()
+        is True
+    )
+    assert (
+        lf_out.filter(pl.col("imp_denom"))
+        .select((pl.col("denominator") <= 5).all())
+        .collect()
+        .item()
+        is True
+    )
+
+    assert (
+        lf_out.filter(pl.col("imp_denom"))
+        .select((pl.col("numerator") <= pl.col("denominator")).all())
+        .collect()
+        .item()
+        is True
+    )

From 4558b0c2e0e745d4478c4b5a8b54ff7535685d97 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Tiu <63322884+winter-again@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 28 May 2025 16:36:41 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 41/47] Improve complete module tests

---
 tests/complete_test.py | 240 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------------
 tests/impute_test.py   |   9 +-
 2 files changed, 173 insertions(+), 76 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/complete_test.py b/tests/complete_test.py
index 5519429..737a6f5 100644
--- a/tests/complete_test.py
+++ b/tests/complete_test.py
@@ -1,92 +1,188 @@
+import textwrap
+from io import StringIO
+
 import polars as pl
+import pytest
 from polars.testing import assert_frame_equal
 
 from csv_helper import complete
 
 
-def test_complete_exists() -> None:
-    df = pl.DataFrame(
-        {
-            "country": ["France", "France", "UK", "UK", "Spain"],
-            "year": [2020, 2021, 2019, 2020, 2022],
-            "value": [1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
-        }
+@pytest.fixture
+def df_inp() -> pl.DataFrame:
+    data = """\
+    country,year,value
+    France,2020,1
+    France,2021,2
+    UK,2019,3
+    UK,2020,4
+    Spain,2022,5
+    """
+    df = pl.read_csv(
+        StringIO(textwrap.dedent(data)),
+        schema={
+            "country": pl.String,
+            "year": pl.Int64,
+            "value": pl.Int64,
+        },
     )
-    df = df.pipe(complete.complete, "country", "year").sort("country", "year")
-    result = pl.DataFrame(
-        {
-            "country": [
-                country for country in ["France", "UK", "Spain"] for _ in range(4)
-            ],
-            "year": [y for _ in range(3) for y in range(2019, 2023)],
-            "value": [None, 1, 2, None, 3, 4, None, None, None, None, None, 5],
-        }
-    ).sort("country", "year")
 
-    assert_frame_equal(df, result)
+    return df
+
 
-    lf = pl.LazyFrame(
-        {
-            "country": ["France", "France", "UK", "UK", "Spain"],
-            "year": [2020, 2021, 2019, 2020, 2022],
-            "value": [1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
-        }
+@pytest.fixture
+def lf_inp() -> pl.LazyFrame:
+    data = """\
+    country,year,value
+    France,2020,1
+    France,2021,2
+    UK,2019,3
+    UK,2020,4
+    Spain,2022,5
+    """
+    lf = pl.scan_csv(
+        StringIO(textwrap.dedent(data)),
+        schema={
+            "country": pl.String,
+            "year": pl.Int64,
+            "value": pl.Int64,
+        },
     )
-    lf = lf.pipe(complete.complete, "country", "year").sort("country", "year")
-    result = pl.LazyFrame(
-        {
-            "country": [
-                country for country in ["France", "UK", "Spain"] for _ in range(4)
-            ],
-            "year": [y for _ in range(3) for y in range(2019, 2023)],
-            "value": [None, 1, 2, None, 3, 4, None, None, None, None, None, 5],
-        }
+
+    return lf
+
+
+def test_complete_existing(df_inp: pl.DataFrame) -> None:
+    df_out = df_inp.pipe(complete.complete, "country", "year").sort("country", "year")
+
+    data_res = """\
+    country,year,value
+    France,2019,
+    France,2020,1
+    France,2021,2
+    France,2022,
+    UK,2019,3
+    UK,2020,4
+    UK,2021,
+    UK,2022,
+    Spain,2019,
+    Spain,2020,
+    Spain,2021,
+    Spain,2022,5
+    """
+    result = pl.read_csv(
+        StringIO(textwrap.dedent(data_res)),
+        schema={
+            "country": pl.String,
+            "year": pl.Int64,
+            "value": pl.Int64,
+        },
     ).sort("country", "year")
 
-    assert_frame_equal(lf, result)
+    assert_frame_equal(df_out, result)
 
 
-def test_complete_not_exists() -> None:
-    # TODO: add lazy test
-    df = pl.DataFrame(
-        {
-            "country": ["France", "France", "UK", "UK", "Spain"],
-            "year": [2020, 2021, 2019, 2020, 2022],
-            "value": [1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
-        }
-    )
-    df = df.pipe(
+def test_complete_existing_lazy(lf_inp: pl.LazyFrame) -> None:
+    lf_out = lf_inp.pipe(complete.complete, "country", "year").sort("country", "year")
+
+    data_res = """\
+    country,year,value
+    France,2019,
+    France,2020,1
+    France,2021,2
+    France,2022,
+    UK,2019,3
+    UK,2020,4
+    UK,2021,
+    UK,2022,
+    Spain,2019,
+    Spain,2020,
+    Spain,2021,
+    Spain,2022,5
+    """
+    result = pl.read_csv(
+        StringIO(textwrap.dedent(data_res)),
+        schema={
+            "country": pl.String,
+            "year": pl.Int64,
+            "value": pl.Int64,
+        },
+    ).sort("country", "year")
+
+    assert_frame_equal(lf_out.collect(), result)
+
+
+def test_complete_non_existing(df_inp: pl.DataFrame) -> None:
+    df_out = df_inp.pipe(
         complete.complete,
         pl.Series("country", ["France", "UK", "Spain", "China"]),
         "year",
     ).sort("country", "year")
-    result = pl.DataFrame(
-        {
-            "country": [
-                country
-                for country in ["China", "France", "UK", "Spain"]
-                for _ in range(4)
-            ],
-            "year": [y for _ in range(4) for y in range(2019, 2023)],
-            "value": [
-                None,
-                None,
-                None,
-                None,
-                None,
-                1,
-                2,
-                None,
-                3,
-                4,
-                None,
-                None,
-                None,
-                None,
-                None,
-                5,
-            ],
-        }
+
+    data_res = """\
+    country,year,value
+    China,2019,
+    China,2020,
+    China,2021,
+    China,2022,
+    France,2019,
+    France,2020,1
+    France,2021,2
+    France,2022,
+    UK,2019,3
+    UK,2020,4
+    UK,2021,
+    UK,2022,
+    Spain,2019,
+    Spain,2020,
+    Spain,2021,
+    Spain,2022,5
+    """
+    result = pl.read_csv(
+        StringIO(textwrap.dedent(data_res)),
+        schema={
+            "country": pl.String,
+            "year": pl.Int64,
+            "value": pl.Int64,
+        },
+    ).sort("country", "year")
+
+    assert_frame_equal(df_out, result)
+
+
+def test_complete_non_existing_lazy(lf_inp: pl.LazyFrame) -> None:
+    lf_out = lf_inp.pipe(
+        complete.complete,
+        pl.Series("country", ["France", "UK", "Spain", "China"]),
+        "year",
+    ).sort("country", "year")
+
+    data_res = """\
+    country,year,value
+    China,2019,
+    China,2020,
+    China,2021,
+    China,2022,
+    France,2019,
+    France,2020,1
+    France,2021,2
+    France,2022,
+    UK,2019,3
+    UK,2020,4
+    UK,2021,
+    UK,2022,
+    Spain,2019,
+    Spain,2020,
+    Spain,2021,
+    Spain,2022,5
+    """
+    result = pl.read_csv(
+        StringIO(textwrap.dedent(data_res)),
+        schema={
+            "country": pl.String,
+            "year": pl.Int64,
+            "value": pl.Int64,
+        },
     ).sort("country", "year")
 
-    assert_frame_equal(df, result)
+    assert_frame_equal(lf_out.collect(), result)
diff --git a/tests/impute_test.py b/tests/impute_test.py
index 597e522..506781f 100644
--- a/tests/impute_test.py
+++ b/tests/impute_test.py
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import textwrap
 from io import StringIO
 
 import polars as pl
@@ -9,7 +10,7 @@
 
 @pytest.fixture
 def df_inp() -> pl.DataFrame:
-    data = """
+    data = """\
     id,numerator,denominator,imp_num,imp_denom
     A,10,15,false,false
     A,<=5,<=5,true,true
@@ -43,7 +44,7 @@ def df_inp() -> pl.DataFrame:
     D,<=5,<=5,true,true
     """
     df = pl.read_csv(
-        StringIO(data),
+        StringIO(textwrap.dedent(data)),
         schema={
             "id": pl.String,
             "numerator": pl.String,
@@ -58,7 +59,7 @@ def df_inp() -> pl.DataFrame:
 
 @pytest.fixture
 def lf_inp() -> pl.LazyFrame:
-    data = """
+    data = """\
     id,numerator,denominator,imp_num,imp_denom
     A,10,15,false,false
     A,<=5,<=5,true,true
@@ -92,7 +93,7 @@ def lf_inp() -> pl.LazyFrame:
     D,<=5,<=5,true,true
     """
     lf = pl.scan_csv(
-        StringIO(data),
+        StringIO(textwrap.dedent(data)),
         schema={
             "id": pl.String,
             "numerator": pl.String,

From 76cdb1e439b710c9b782d9095f232fd75dc32e34 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Tiu <63322884+winter-again@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 21 Jun 2025 08:18:22 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 42/47] Clean up complete tests

---
 src/csv_helper/complete.py |   8 +-
 tests/complete_test.py     | 157 +++++++++++++++----------------------
 2 files changed, 69 insertions(+), 96 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/csv_helper/complete.py b/src/csv_helper/complete.py
index e735418..56873d0 100644
--- a/src/csv_helper/complete.py
+++ b/src/csv_helper/complete.py
@@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ def complete[T: (pl.DataFrame, pl.LazyFrame)](df: T, *columns: str | pl.Series)
     Generate rows for implicit missing values based on column combinations,
     thus making them explicit missing values. Generated values marked as null.
 
-    If columns are referenced with strings, then only existing values in those
+    If columns are referenced by name, then only existing values in those
     columns are used for completion. If Series are specified instead, then
-    those Series can specify the full set of possible values, provided that
-    the Series is named after an existing column.
+    those Series can specify the full set of possible values. The Series must be
+    named after an existing column.
     """
     cols = []
     for col in columns:
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ def complete[T: (pl.DataFrame, pl.LazyFrame)](df: T, *columns: str | pl.Series)
             cols.append(col.unique().implode())
         else:
             raise TypeError(
-                f"The columns argument(s) must be either string or polars Series. Got {type(col)} instead."
+                f"The columns must be either string or polars Series. Got {type(col)} instead."
             )
 
     unique_combos = df.select(cols)
diff --git a/tests/complete_test.py b/tests/complete_test.py
index 737a6f5..08f31af 100644
--- a/tests/complete_test.py
+++ b/tests/complete_test.py
@@ -25,37 +25,19 @@ def df_inp() -> pl.DataFrame:
             "year": pl.Int64,
             "value": pl.Int64,
         },
-    )
+    ).sort("country", "year")
 
     return df
 
 
 @pytest.fixture
-def lf_inp() -> pl.LazyFrame:
-    data = """\
-    country,year,value
-    France,2020,1
-    France,2021,2
-    UK,2019,3
-    UK,2020,4
-    Spain,2022,5
-    """
-    lf = pl.scan_csv(
-        StringIO(textwrap.dedent(data)),
-        schema={
-            "country": pl.String,
-            "year": pl.Int64,
-            "value": pl.Int64,
-        },
-    )
+def lf_inp(df_inp: pl.DataFrame) -> pl.LazyFrame:
+    return df_inp.lazy()
 
-    return lf
 
-
-def test_complete_existing(df_inp: pl.DataFrame) -> None:
-    df_out = df_inp.pipe(complete.complete, "country", "year").sort("country", "year")
-
-    data_res = """\
+@pytest.fixture
+def df_out() -> pl.DataFrame:
+    data = """\
     country,year,value
     France,2019,
     France,2020,1
@@ -70,8 +52,8 @@ def test_complete_existing(df_inp: pl.DataFrame) -> None:
     Spain,2021,
     Spain,2022,5
     """
-    result = pl.read_csv(
-        StringIO(textwrap.dedent(data_res)),
+    df = pl.read_csv(
+        StringIO(textwrap.dedent(data)),
         schema={
             "country": pl.String,
             "year": pl.Int64,
@@ -79,47 +61,52 @@ def test_complete_existing(df_inp: pl.DataFrame) -> None:
         },
     ).sort("country", "year")
 
-    assert_frame_equal(df_out, result)
+    return df
 
 
-def test_complete_existing_lazy(lf_inp: pl.LazyFrame) -> None:
-    lf_out = lf_inp.pipe(complete.complete, "country", "year").sort("country", "year")
+def test_complete_existing(df_inp: pl.DataFrame, df_out: pl.DataFrame) -> None:
+    df = df_inp.pipe(complete.complete, "country", "year").sort("country", "year")
 
-    data_res = """\
-    country,year,value
-    France,2019,
-    France,2020,1
-    France,2021,2
-    France,2022,
-    UK,2019,3
-    UK,2020,4
-    UK,2021,
-    UK,2022,
-    Spain,2019,
-    Spain,2020,
-    Spain,2021,
-    Spain,2022,5
-    """
-    result = pl.read_csv(
-        StringIO(textwrap.dedent(data_res)),
-        schema={
-            "country": pl.String,
-            "year": pl.Int64,
-            "value": pl.Int64,
-        },
-    ).sort("country", "year")
+    assert_frame_equal(df, df_out)
 
-    assert_frame_equal(lf_out.collect(), result)
 
+def test_complete_existing_series(df_inp: pl.DataFrame, df_out: pl.DataFrame) -> None:
+    country = pl.Series("country", ["France", "UK", "Spain"])
+    year = pl.Series("year", [year for year in range(2019, 2023)])
+    df = df_inp.pipe(complete.complete, country, year).sort("country", "year")
+
+    assert_frame_equal(df, df_out)
+
+
+def test_complete_exception(df_inp: pl.DataFrame) -> None:
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+        df_inp.pipe(complete.complete, 0, 1).sort("country", "year")  # pyright: ignore[reportArgumentType]
+
+
+def test_complete_existing_lazy(lf_inp: pl.LazyFrame, df_out: pl.DataFrame) -> None:
+    lf = lf_inp.pipe(complete.complete, "country", "year").sort("country", "year")
+
+    assert_frame_equal(lf.collect(), df_out)
+
+
+def test_complete_existing_lazy_series(
+    lf_inp: pl.LazyFrame, df_out: pl.DataFrame
+) -> None:
+    country = pl.Series("country", ["France", "UK", "Spain"])
+    year = pl.Series("year", [year for year in range(2019, 2023)])
+    lf = lf_inp.pipe(complete.complete, country, year).sort("country", "year")
+
+    assert_frame_equal(lf.collect(), df_out)
+
+
+def test_complete_exception_lazy(lf_inp: pl.LazyFrame) -> None:
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+        lf_inp.pipe(complete.complete, 0, 1).sort("country", "year")  # pyright: ignore[reportArgumentType]
 
-def test_complete_non_existing(df_inp: pl.DataFrame) -> None:
-    df_out = df_inp.pipe(
-        complete.complete,
-        pl.Series("country", ["France", "UK", "Spain", "China"]),
-        "year",
-    ).sort("country", "year")
 
-    data_res = """\
+@pytest.fixture
+def df_out_non_exist() -> pl.DataFrame:
+    data = """\
     country,year,value
     China,2019,
     China,2020,
@@ -138,8 +125,8 @@ def test_complete_non_existing(df_inp: pl.DataFrame) -> None:
     Spain,2021,
     Spain,2022,5
     """
-    result = pl.read_csv(
-        StringIO(textwrap.dedent(data_res)),
+    df = pl.read_csv(
+        StringIO(textwrap.dedent(data)),
         schema={
             "country": pl.String,
             "year": pl.Int64,
@@ -147,42 +134,28 @@ def test_complete_non_existing(df_inp: pl.DataFrame) -> None:
         },
     ).sort("country", "year")
 
-    assert_frame_equal(df_out, result)
+    return df
 
 
-def test_complete_non_existing_lazy(lf_inp: pl.LazyFrame) -> None:
-    lf_out = lf_inp.pipe(
+def test_complete_non_existing(
+    df_inp: pl.DataFrame, df_out_non_exist: pl.DataFrame
+) -> None:
+    df = df_inp.pipe(
         complete.complete,
         pl.Series("country", ["France", "UK", "Spain", "China"]),
         "year",
     ).sort("country", "year")
 
-    data_res = """\
-    country,year,value
-    China,2019,
-    China,2020,
-    China,2021,
-    China,2022,
-    France,2019,
-    France,2020,1
-    France,2021,2
-    France,2022,
-    UK,2019,3
-    UK,2020,4
-    UK,2021,
-    UK,2022,
-    Spain,2019,
-    Spain,2020,
-    Spain,2021,
-    Spain,2022,5
-    """
-    result = pl.read_csv(
-        StringIO(textwrap.dedent(data_res)),
-        schema={
-            "country": pl.String,
-            "year": pl.Int64,
-            "value": pl.Int64,
-        },
+    assert_frame_equal(df, df_out_non_exist)
+
+
+def test_complete_non_existing_lazy(
+    lf_inp: pl.LazyFrame, df_out_non_exist: pl.DataFrame
+) -> None:
+    lf = lf_inp.pipe(
+        complete.complete,
+        pl.Series("country", ["France", "UK", "Spain", "China"]),
+        "year",
     ).sort("country", "year")
 
-    assert_frame_equal(lf_out.collect(), result)
+    assert_frame_equal(lf.collect(), df_out_non_exist)

From 38b4728f94bcebb03bbbd194df08a4e782aa1423 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Tiu <63322884+winter-again@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 21 Jun 2025 08:19:54 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 43/47] Remove --locked?

---
 .github/workflows/tests.yml | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/tests.yml b/.github/workflows/tests.yml
index aec5c81..f45e2b0 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/tests.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/tests.yml
@@ -35,7 +35,8 @@ jobs:
           python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
 
       - name: Install dev dependencies
-        run: uv sync --locked --only-dev --python="${{ matrix.python-version }}"
+        # run: uv sync --locked --only-dev --python="${{ matrix.python-version }}"
+        run: uv sync --only-dev --python="${{ matrix.python-version }}"
       
       - name: Run tests with nox on ${{ matrix.os }}
         run: uv run --locked --python="${{ matrix.python-version }}" -- nox -s "tests-${{ matrix.python-version }}"

From 8c96e5998d024206ca4c42b11f4e908d4fbcb4ea Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Tiu <63322884+winter-again@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 21 Jun 2025 09:03:48 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 44/47] Improve

---
 .github/workflows/tests.yml |   1 +
 src/csv_helper/impute.py    |  37 +++++-----
 tests/complete_test.py      |   5 --
 tests/impute_test.py        | 130 ++++++++++++++++++++----------------
 4 files changed, 94 insertions(+), 79 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/tests.yml b/.github/workflows/tests.yml
index f45e2b0..e898406 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/tests.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/tests.yml
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ jobs:
           python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
 
       - name: Install dev dependencies
+        # TODO: maybe have to add explicit uv lock?
         # run: uv sync --locked --only-dev --python="${{ matrix.python-version }}"
         run: uv sync --only-dev --python="${{ matrix.python-version }}"
       
diff --git a/src/csv_helper/impute.py b/src/csv_helper/impute.py
index 9edcaea..9d66ed9 100644
--- a/src/csv_helper/impute.py
+++ b/src/csv_helper/impute.py
@@ -65,6 +65,10 @@ def columns[T: (pl.DataFrame, pl.LazyFrame)](
     If `dtype` is specified, will attempt to cast the filled columns
     to that Polars type. Only supports Polars integer and float types.
     """
+    n_cols = len(columns)
+    if n_cols == 0:
+        raise ValueError("Must specify at least one column to impute")
+
     for col in columns:
         if col not in df.lazy().collect_schema().names():
             raise ValueError(f"Column {col} doesn't exist")
@@ -76,8 +80,22 @@ def columns[T: (pl.DataFrame, pl.LazyFrame)](
 
     fill_range_int = _parse_fill_range(fill_range)
 
-    n_cols = len(columns)
-    if n_cols > 1:
+    if n_cols == 1:
+        column = columns[0]
+        # NOTE: this implementation and numpy implementation for filling values are roughly the same speed
+        # with this Polars-only impl barely faster
+        df = df.with_columns(
+            pl.when(pl.col(column) == fill_flag)
+            .then(
+                pl.int_range(fill_range_int.lb, fill_range_int.ub + 1).sample(
+                    pl.len(), with_replacement=True, seed=seed
+                )
+            )
+            .otherwise(pl.col(column))
+            .alias(column)
+            .cast(dtype)
+        )
+    else:
         rng = np.random.default_rng(seed)
         n_rows = df.lazy().select(pl.len()).collect().item()
         # must gen enough numbers for all columns up-front, otherwise they get reused
@@ -97,21 +115,6 @@ def columns[T: (pl.DataFrame, pl.LazyFrame)](
                 .alias(col)
                 .cast(dtype)
             )
-    else:
-        column = columns[0]
-        # NOTE: this implementation and numpy implementation for filling values are roughly the same speed
-        # with this Polars-only impl barely faster
-        df = df.with_columns(
-            pl.when(pl.col(column) == fill_flag)
-            .then(
-                pl.int_range(fill_range_int.lb, fill_range_int.ub + 1).sample(
-                    pl.len(), with_replacement=True, seed=seed
-                )
-            )
-            .otherwise(pl.col(column))
-            .alias(column)
-            .cast(dtype)
-        )
 
     return df
 
diff --git a/tests/complete_test.py b/tests/complete_test.py
index 08f31af..cd4865b 100644
--- a/tests/complete_test.py
+++ b/tests/complete_test.py
@@ -99,11 +99,6 @@ def test_complete_existing_lazy_series(
     assert_frame_equal(lf.collect(), df_out)
 
 
-def test_complete_exception_lazy(lf_inp: pl.LazyFrame) -> None:
-    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
-        lf_inp.pipe(complete.complete, 0, 1).sort("country", "year")  # pyright: ignore[reportArgumentType]
-
-
 @pytest.fixture
 def df_out_non_exist() -> pl.DataFrame:
     data = """\
diff --git a/tests/impute_test.py b/tests/impute_test.py
index 506781f..a11e3bc 100644
--- a/tests/impute_test.py
+++ b/tests/impute_test.py
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 
 @pytest.fixture
 def df_inp() -> pl.DataFrame:
+    # NOTE: imp_num and imp_denom independently denote whether col needs imputation
     data = """\
     id,numerator,denominator,imp_num,imp_denom
     A,10,15,false,false
@@ -58,52 +59,8 @@ def df_inp() -> pl.DataFrame:
 
 
 @pytest.fixture
-def lf_inp() -> pl.LazyFrame:
-    data = """\
-    id,numerator,denominator,imp_num,imp_denom
-    A,10,15,false,false
-    A,<=5,<=5,true,true
-    A,12,23,false,false
-    B,<=5,<=5,true,true
-    A,22,24,false,false
-    B,<=5,13,true,false
-    B,<=5,<=5,true,true
-    A,10,15,false,false
-    C,<=5,<=5,false,true
-    C,<=5,<=5,true,true
-    A,<=5,<=5,true,true
-    A,22,15,false,false
-    B,<=5,13,true,false
-    A,<=5,<=5,false,true
-    C,100,128,false,false
-    C,<=5,<=5,true,true
-    D,<=5,<=5,true,true
-    A,22,23,false,false
-    B,<=5,18,true,false
-    H,8,17,false,false
-    A,10,16,false,false
-    A,<=5,<=5,true,true
-    H,<=5,<=5,true,true
-    A,22,88,false,false
-    B,<=5,23,true,false
-    C,<=5,<=5,true,true
-    A,<=5,<=5,false,true
-    C,100,1300,false,false
-    C,<=5,<=5,true,true
-    D,<=5,<=5,true,true
-    """
-    lf = pl.scan_csv(
-        StringIO(textwrap.dedent(data)),
-        schema={
-            "id": pl.String,
-            "numerator": pl.String,
-            "denominator": pl.String,
-            "imp_num": pl.Boolean,
-            "imp_denom": pl.Boolean,
-        },
-    )
-
-    return lf
+def lf_inp(df_inp: pl.DataFrame) -> pl.LazyFrame:
+    return df_inp.lazy()
 
 
 def test_impute_columns_single(df_inp: pl.DataFrame) -> None:
@@ -120,6 +77,11 @@ def test_impute_columns_single(df_inp: pl.DataFrame) -> None:
     )
 
 
+def test_impute_columns_no_cols_exception(df_inp: pl.DataFrame) -> None:
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        df_inp.pipe(impute.columns, [], "<=5", (1, 5))
+
+
 def test_impute_columns_single_lazy(lf_inp: pl.LazyFrame) -> None:
     lf_out = lf_inp.pipe(impute.columns, ["numerator"], "<=5", (1, 5))
 
@@ -198,32 +160,32 @@ def test_impute_columns_multi_lazy(lf_inp: pl.LazyFrame) -> None:
 
 
 def test_impute_columns_seed(df_inp: pl.DataFrame) -> None:
-    df_1 = df_inp.pipe(impute.columns, ["numerator"], "<=5", (1, 5))
-    df_2 = df_inp.pipe(impute.columns, ["numerator"], "<=5", (1, 5))
-
-    assert df_1.shape == df_2.shape
-    assert_frame_not_equal(df_1, df_2)
-
     df_1 = df_inp.pipe(impute.columns, ["numerator"], "<=5", (1, 5), seed=18)
     df_2 = df_inp.pipe(impute.columns, ["numerator"], "<=5", (1, 5), seed=18)
 
     assert df_1.shape == df_2.shape
     assert_frame_equal(df_1, df_2)
 
+    df_1 = df_inp.pipe(impute.columns, ["numerator"], "<=5", (1, 5), seed=1)
+    df_2 = df_inp.pipe(impute.columns, ["numerator"], "<=5", (1, 5), seed=10)
 
-def test_impute_columns_seed_lazy(lf_inp: pl.LazyFrame) -> None:
-    lf_1 = lf_inp.pipe(impute.columns, ["numerator"], "<=5", (1, 5))
-    lf_2 = lf_inp.pipe(impute.columns, ["numerator"], "<=5", (1, 5))
+    assert df_1.shape == df_2.shape
+    assert_frame_not_equal(df_1, df_2)
 
-    assert lf_1.collect().shape == lf_2.collect().shape
-    assert_frame_not_equal(lf_1, lf_2)
 
+def test_impute_columns_seed_lazy(lf_inp: pl.LazyFrame) -> None:
     lf_1 = lf_inp.pipe(impute.columns, ["numerator"], "<=5", (1, 5), seed=18)
     lf_2 = lf_inp.pipe(impute.columns, ["numerator"], "<=5", (1, 5), seed=18)
 
     assert lf_1.collect().shape == lf_2.collect().shape
     assert_frame_equal(lf_1, lf_2)
 
+    lf_1 = lf_inp.pipe(impute.columns, ["numerator"], "<=5", (1, 5), seed=1)
+    lf_2 = lf_inp.pipe(impute.columns, ["numerator"], "<=5", (1, 5), seed=10)
+
+    assert lf_1.collect().shape == lf_2.collect().shape
+    assert_frame_not_equal(lf_1, lf_2)
+
 
 def test_impute_pair(df_inp: pl.DataFrame) -> None:
     df_out = df_inp.pipe(impute.column_pair, "numerator", "denominator", "<=5", (1, 5))
@@ -254,6 +216,60 @@ def test_impute_pair(df_inp: pl.DataFrame) -> None:
     )
 
 
+def test_impute_pair_seed(df_inp: pl.DataFrame) -> None:
+    df_1 = df_inp.pipe(
+        impute.column_pair, "numerator", "denominator", "<=5", (1, 5), seed=18
+    )
+    df_2 = df_inp.pipe(
+        impute.column_pair, "numerator", "denominator", "<=5", (1, 5), seed=18
+    )
+
+    assert df_1.shape == df_2.shape
+    # can only guarantee seed reproducibility in these 2 cases
+    assert_frame_equal(df_1.select("denominator"), df_2.select("denominator"))
+    assert_frame_equal(
+        df_1.filter(pl.col("denominator") > 5).select("numerator"),
+        df_2.filter(pl.col("denominator") > 5).select("numerator"),
+    )
+
+    df_1 = df_inp.pipe(
+        impute.column_pair, "numerator", "denominator", "<=5", (1, 5), seed=1
+    )
+    df_2 = df_inp.pipe(
+        impute.column_pair, "numerator", "denominator", "<=5", (1, 5), seed=10
+    )
+
+    assert df_1.shape == df_2.shape
+    assert_frame_not_equal(df_1, df_2)
+
+
+def test_impute_pair_seed_lazy(lf_inp: pl.LazyFrame) -> None:
+    lf_1 = lf_inp.pipe(
+        impute.column_pair, "numerator", "denominator", "<=5", (1, 5), seed=18
+    )
+    lf_2 = lf_inp.pipe(
+        impute.column_pair, "numerator", "denominator", "<=5", (1, 5), seed=18
+    )
+
+    assert lf_1.collect().shape == lf_2.collect().shape
+    # can only guarantee seed reproducibility in these 2 cases
+    assert_frame_equal(lf_1.select("denominator"), lf_2.select("denominator"))
+    assert_frame_equal(
+        lf_1.filter(pl.col("denominator") > 5).select("numerator"),
+        lf_2.filter(pl.col("denominator") > 5).select("numerator"),
+    )
+
+    lf_1 = lf_inp.pipe(
+        impute.column_pair, "numerator", "denominator", "<=5", (1, 5), seed=1
+    )
+    lf_2 = lf_inp.pipe(
+        impute.column_pair, "numerator", "denominator", "<=5", (1, 5), seed=10
+    )
+
+    assert lf_1.collect().shape == lf_2.collect().shape
+    assert_frame_not_equal(lf_1, lf_2)
+
+
 def test_impute_pair_lazy(lf_inp: pl.LazyFrame) -> None:
     lf_out = lf_inp.pipe(impute.column_pair, "numerator", "denominator", "<=5", (1, 5))
 

From 4e01053d2493e561c7ef7aaf0b54d8aab2a52d1e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Tiu <63322884+winter-again@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 21 Jun 2025 13:27:15 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 45/47] Working tests

---
 .gitignore               |   2 +-
 pyproject.toml           |   2 +-
 src/csv_helper/cli.py    | 538 ++++++++++-----------------------------
 src/csv_helper/impute.py |   6 +-
 tests/cli_test.py        | 379 ++++++---------------------
 5 files changed, 228 insertions(+), 699 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 31f2fe3..17b08d3 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -2,4 +2,4 @@
 __pycache__/
 dist/
 sdist/
-/data/
+# /data/
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index 23a1fa1..76169b8 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [project]
 name = "csv-helper"
-version = "0.2.3"
+version = "0.3.0"
 description = "A simple library and CLI for working with CSV data"
 readme = "README.md"
 authors = [{ name = "Andrew Tiu", email = "andrew.tiu88@gmail.com" }]
diff --git a/src/csv_helper/cli.py b/src/csv_helper/cli.py
index 3b28444..f327bb4 100644
--- a/src/csv_helper/cli.py
+++ b/src/csv_helper/cli.py
@@ -5,14 +5,11 @@
 from typing import NamedTuple
 
 import click
-import numpy as np
 import polars as pl
 import typer
-from numpy.random import Generator
 from rich.console import Console
 from rich.progress import Progress, SpinnerColumn, TextColumn
 from rich.prompt import Confirm
-from rich.table import Table
 from typing_extensions import Annotated
 
 from . import impute
@@ -25,13 +22,11 @@
 err_console = Console(stderr=True)
 
 
-def print_version(val: bool):
+def version_callback(value: bool):
     """Print CLI version"""
-    if not val:
-        return
-
-    print(f"csv-helper version {version('csv_helper')}")
-    raise typer.Exit()
+    if value:
+        print(f"csv-helper version {version(__package__)}")  # pyright: ignore[reportArgumentType]
+        raise typer.Exit()
 
 
 @app.callback()
@@ -42,14 +37,14 @@ def callback(
         "-v",
         is_eager=True,
         help="Print the version and exit.",
-        callback=print_version,
+        callback=version_callback,
     ),
 ) -> None:
     pass
 
 
 @app.command()
-def preview(
+def show(
     input: Annotated[
         Path,
         typer.Argument(
@@ -57,19 +52,18 @@ def preview(
             file_okay=True,
             dir_okay=False,
             readable=True,
-            help="The CSV file to preview",
+            help="Target CSV file",
         ),
     ],
     n_rows: Annotated[
-        int, typer.Option("--nrows", "-n", min=1, help="Number of rows to preview")
+        int, typer.Option("--nrows", "-n", min=1, help="Number of rows to show")
     ] = 10,
 ) -> None:
     """
-    Preview a given CSV file.
+    Show preview of a given CSV file.
     """
     df = pl.read_csv(input, infer_schema_length=0)
 
-    print(f"File: {input}")
     if n_rows > df.height:
         print(df)
     else:
@@ -107,7 +101,13 @@ def check(
     """
     df = pl.read_csv(input, infer_schema_length=0)
 
-    print(impute.check(df, columns, fill_flag))
+    try:
+        out = impute.check(df, columns, fill_flag)
+    except ValueError as e:
+        if f"doesn't contain any instances of '{fill_flag}'" in str(e):
+            print(e)
+    else:
+        print(out)
 
 
 class FillRange(NamedTuple):
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ def validate_inp_out(input: Path, output: Path, force: bool) -> None:
             f"[blue bold]{output}[/blue bold] already exists. Do you want to overwrite it?"
         )
         if not overwrite_file:
-            print("Won't overwrite")
+            err_console.print("Won't overwrite")
             raise typer.Abort()
 
     if input == output and not force:
@@ -155,9 +155,10 @@ def check_create_dir(output: Path) -> bool:
             f"The specified output's parent directory [blue bold]{output.parent}[/blue bold] doesn't exist. Do you want to create it along with any missing parents?"
         )
         if not create_dir:
-            print("Won't create directories")
-            raise typer.Abort()
+            return False
+
         return True
+
     return False
 
 
@@ -165,12 +166,14 @@ def all_cols_exist(df: pl.DataFrame, fill_cols: list[str]) -> bool:
     for col in fill_cols:
         if col not in df.columns:
             return False
+
     return True
 
 
 def fill_flag_exists(df: pl.DataFrame, fill_col: str, fill_flag: str) -> bool:
     if df.select((pl.col(fill_col) == fill_flag).any()).item():
         return True
+
     return False
 
 
@@ -199,7 +202,7 @@ def impute_file(
             file_okay=True,
             dir_okay=False,
             readable=True,
-            help="Path to target CSV file",
+            help="Target CSV file",
         ),
     ],
     columns: Annotated[
@@ -207,7 +210,7 @@ def impute_file(
         typer.Option(
             "--col",
             "-c",
-            help="Name of a column to impute. Specify this for each colum you wanted imputed.",
+            help="Name of column to impute. Specify this for each colum you wanted imputed.",
         ),
     ],
     fill_flag: Annotated[
@@ -230,16 +233,17 @@ def impute_file(
     ],
     output: Annotated[
         Path | None,
-        # NOTE: if exists = False, other checks still run if the Path happens to (file/dir) exist
         typer.Option(
             "--out",
             "-o",
+            # NOTE: if exists=False, file/directory doesn't need to exist;
+            # if doesn't exist, other checks skipped
             exists=False,
             file_okay=True,
             dir_okay=False,
             writable=True,
             readable=False,
-            help="Path to save the imputed CSV file. If not specified, defaults to printing result to stdout",
+            help="Path to save the imputed CSV file. If not specified, defaults to printing result to stdout.",
         ),
     ] = None,
     col_type: Annotated[
@@ -247,7 +251,7 @@ def impute_file(
         typer.Option(
             "--type",
             "-t",
-            help="Intended data type of the target column. Can be a Polars Int64 or Float64.",
+            help="Intended data type of the target column. Can be a Polars int or float type.",
             click_type=click.Choice(ColType._member_names_, case_sensitive=False),
         ),
     ] = ColType.INT64.name,
@@ -284,6 +288,10 @@ def impute_file(
         validate_inp_out(input, output, force)
         create_dir = check_create_dir(output)
 
+        if not output.parent.is_dir() and not create_dir:
+            err_console.print("Won't create directories")
+            raise typer.Abort()
+
     df = pl.read_csv(input, infer_schema_length=0)
 
     with Progress(
@@ -303,17 +311,13 @@ def impute_file(
             if create_dir:
                 output.parent.mkdir(parents=True)
 
-            df.write_csv(output)
-
-    console.print("[green]Finished imputing[/green]...")
+            df.write_csv(output, separator=",")
 
     if verbose:
-        console.print(f"\n[bold]Time taken[/bold]: {(t1 - t0):0.3f}s", highlight=False)
-        console.print("[bold]Preview of result:[/bold]")
-        console.print(
-            df.filter(pl.col(col) <= fill_range.ub for col in columns).head(),
-            highlight=False,
-        )
+        console.print(f"[bold]Time taken[/bold]: {(t1 - t0):0.3f}s", highlight=False)
+
+    if output is None:
+        print(df.head(10))
 
 
 class FillCols(NamedTuple):
@@ -333,16 +337,6 @@ def parse_sep_cols(sep_cols: str) -> list[str]:
     return [col.strip() for col in sep_cols.split(",")]
 
 
-def impute_capped(denom: int, fill_range: FillRange, rng: Generator) -> int:
-    """
-    Return a random integer from a range that is capped
-    at the 'denominator' value
-    """
-    # WARN: specifying size=1 instead of leaving size = None
-    # will return single-value list instead of just the value
-    return rng.integers(fill_range.lb, denom, endpoint=True)
-
-
 @impute_app.command("pair")
 def impute_pair(
     input: Annotated[
@@ -352,34 +346,20 @@ def impute_pair(
             file_okay=True,
             dir_okay=False,
             readable=True,
-            help="Path to target CSV file",
+            help="Target CSV file",
         ),
     ],
-    output: Annotated[
-        Path,
-        typer.Argument(
-            exists=False,
-            file_okay=True,
-            dir_okay=False,
-            writable=True,
-            readable=False,
-            help="Path to save the output CSV file",
-        ),
+    numerator: Annotated[
+        str, typer.Option("--numerator", "-n", help="Numerator in the pair imputation")
     ],
-    fill_cols: Annotated[
-        FillCols,
-        typer.Option(
-            "--cols",
-            "-c",
-            metavar="TEXT",
-            help="Pair of columns (numerator and denominator) to be imputed. Specify as comma-separated values. For example, 'count_col,denom_col' specifies 'count_col' as the numerator and 'denom_col' as the denominator.",
-            parser=parse_fill_cols,
-        ),
+    denominator: Annotated[
+        str,
+        typer.Option("--denominator", "-d", help="Denominator in the pair imputation"),
     ],
     fill_flag: Annotated[
         str,
         typer.Option(
-            "--flag", "-f", help="Flag (string) to look for and replace in the columns"
+            "--flag", "-f", help="Flag/marker to find and replace in the target columns"
         ),
     ],
     fill_range: Annotated[
@@ -388,22 +368,35 @@ def impute_pair(
             "--range",
             "-r",
             metavar="TEXT",
-            help="Closed, integer interval from which to sample random integer for imputation. Specify as comma-separated values. For example: '1,5' corresponds to the range [1, 5]",
+            help='Closed, integer interval from which to sample random integer for imputation. Specify as comma-separated values. For example: "1,5" corresponds to the range [1, 5]',
             parser=parse_fill_range,
         ),
     ],
+    output: Annotated[
+        Path | None,
+        typer.Option(
+            "--out",
+            "-o",
+            exists=False,
+            file_okay=True,
+            dir_okay=False,
+            writable=True,
+            readable=False,
+            help="Path to save the imputed CSV file. If not specified, defaults to printing result to stdout.",
+        ),
+    ] = None,
     col_type: Annotated[
         str,
         typer.Option(
             "--type",
             "-t",
-            help="Intended data type of target columns. Can be a Polars Int64 or Float64.",
+            help="Intended data type of target columns. Can be a Polars int or float type.",
             click_type=click.Choice(ColType._member_names_, case_sensitive=False),
         ),
     ] = ColType.INT64.name,
     seed: Annotated[
-        int, typer.Option("--seed", "-s", help="Random seed for reproducibility")
-    ] = 123,
+        int | None, typer.Option("--seed", "-s", help="Random seed for reproducibility")
+    ] = None,
     verbose: Annotated[
         bool,
         typer.Option(
@@ -418,9 +411,9 @@ def impute_pair(
             "--force",
             "-F",
             help="""
-            Allow overwriting data even if (1) the specified output file already exists,
-            (2) the path to the input file is identical to the path of the output file, or
-            (3) --sep-out is specfied and that file already exists. All checks will be ignored.
+            Allow overwriting data even if (1) the specified output file already exists or
+            (2) the path to the input file is identical to the path of the output file. Both
+            checks will be ignored.
             """,
         ),
     ] = False,
@@ -433,20 +426,16 @@ def impute_pair(
             dir_okay=False,
             readable=True,
             help="""
-            Path to some separate CSV file in which to look for denominator data.
-            Currently only supports a separate file that has the exact same
-            structure as the input file except for the numerator column being
-            swapped for the denominator column (because this performs an inner
-            join on all those columns).
+            Path to a separate CSV file in which to look for denominator column. Will perform an
+            inner join between the input file and this file containing the denominator.
             """,
         ),
     ] = None,
     sep_cols: Annotated[
         list[str] | None,
         typer.Option(
-            "--sep-cols",
-            help="Comma-separated list of column names on which to join the numerator and denominator data",
-            parser=parse_sep_cols,
+            "--sep-col",
+            help="Name of column on which to join the numerator and denominator data. Specify for each column to be used.",
         ),
     ] = None,
     sep_out: Annotated[
@@ -458,10 +447,11 @@ def impute_pair(
             dir_okay=False,
             writable=True,
             readable=False,
-            help="Path to save imputed denominator data from --sep-denom",
+            help="Path to save imputed version of the separate denominator file",
         ),
     ] = None,
 ):
+    # TODO: review
     """
     Impute a pair of columns in a CSV file. Will look for the
     flag in both of the specified columns and substitute with a random
@@ -479,50 +469,53 @@ def impute_pair(
     to specify where to save the imputed version of the denominator data from
     --sep-denom.
     """
-    validate_inp_out(input, output, force)
-    create_dir = check_create_dir(output)
+    create_dir = False
+    if output is not None:
+        validate_inp_out(input, output, force)
+        create_dir = check_create_dir(output)
+
+    create_sep_dir = False
+    if sep_out is not None:
+        create_sep_dir = check_create_dir(sep_out)
 
-    if (sep_cols is not None or sep_out is not None) and sep_denom is None:
+    if sep_denom is None and (sep_cols is not None or sep_out is not None):
         err_console.print("Must specify --sep-denom to use --sep-cols or --sep-out")
         raise typer.Abort()
 
+    if sep_denom is not None and sep_cols is None:
+        err_console.print("Must specify --sep-cols if using --sep-denom")
+        raise typer.Abort()
+
     df = pl.read_csv(input, infer_schema_length=0)
 
-    if sep_denom is not None:
-        if sep_cols is None:
-            err_console.print("You must specify both --sep-denom and --sep-cols")
+    if sep_denom is None:
+        if numerator not in df.columns or denominator not in df.columns:
+            err_console.print("Invalid numerator or denominator column specified")
             raise typer.Abort()
-
+    else:
         # NOTE: extract since it gives nested list; maybe some type coercion going on
-        sep_cols = sep_cols[0]
+        # sep_cols = sep_cols[0]
         df_denom = pl.read_csv(sep_denom, infer_schema_length=0)
 
-        if (
-            fill_cols.numerator not in df.columns
-            or fill_cols.denominator not in df_denom.columns
-        ):
-            err_console.print("Invalid columns specified for --cols")
-            raise typer.Abort()
-
-        if not all_cols_exist(df, sep_cols) or not all_cols_exist(df_denom, sep_cols):
-            err_console.print(
-                "Some of the --sep-cols are missing from the numerator or denominator data"
-            )
+        if numerator not in df.columns or denominator not in df_denom.columns:
+            err_console.print("Invalid numerator or denominator column specified")
             raise typer.Abort()
 
-        # TODO: might need more sophisticated checks here to ensure the join goes ok or fails gracefully
-        if fill_cols.denominator not in df_denom.columns:
+        if sep_cols is not None and (
+            not all_cols_exist(df, sep_cols) or not all_cols_exist(df_denom, sep_cols)
+        ):
             err_console.print(
-                "Separate denominator data doesn't contain the given denominator column"
+                "Some of the --sep-col columns are missing from the numerator or denominator data"
             )
             raise typer.Abort()
 
         if sep_out is not None:
-            if not fill_flag_exists(df_denom, fill_cols.denominator, fill_flag):
+            # TODO: needed?
+            if not fill_flag_exists(df_denom, denominator, fill_flag):
                 print(
                     f"""
                     The denominator file {sep_denom} doesn't contain any instancees of {fill_flag}
-                    in {fill_cols.denominator}. Rerun the command without specifying --sep-out.
+                    in {denominator}. Rerun the command without specifying --sep-out.
                     """
                 )
                 raise typer.Abort()
@@ -535,26 +528,6 @@ def impute_pair(
                     print("Won't overwrite")
                     raise typer.Abort()
 
-        imp_sizes = (
-            len(df.filter(pl.col(fill_cols.numerator) == fill_flag)),
-            len(df_denom.filter(pl.col(fill_cols.denominator) == fill_flag)),
-        )
-    else:
-        if not all_cols_exist(df, list(fill_cols)):
-            err_console.print("Invalid columns specified for --cols")
-            raise typer.Abort()
-
-        imp_sizes = (
-            len(df.filter(pl.col(fill_cols.numerator) == fill_flag)),
-            len(df.filter(pl.col(fill_cols.denominator) == fill_flag)),
-        )
-
-    if imp_sizes[0] == 0 and imp_sizes[1] == 0:
-        err_console.print(
-            f"Cannot find any instances of {fill_flag} in either {fill_cols.numerator} or {fill_cols.denominator}"
-        )
-        raise typer.Abort()
-
     with Progress(
         SpinnerColumn(),
         TextColumn("[progress.description]{task.description}"),
@@ -562,298 +535,67 @@ def impute_pair(
     ) as progress:
         progress.add_task(description="Imputing...", total=None)
 
-        rng = np.random.default_rng(seed)
-        cast_type = ColType[col_type]
-
-        t0 = time.perf_counter()
-        # NOTE: impute df_denom before attempting join
-        if sep_denom is not None:
-            df_denom = df_denom.with_columns(
-                pl.when(pl.col(fill_cols.denominator) == fill_flag)
-                .then(
-                    pl.lit(
-                        rng.integers(
-                            fill_range.lb,
-                            fill_range.ub,
-                            size=df_denom.height,
-                            endpoint=True,
-                        )
-                    )
-                )
-                .otherwise(pl.col(fill_cols.denominator))
-                .alias(fill_cols.denominator)
-                .cast(cast_type.value)
+        if sep_denom is None:
+            t0 = time.perf_counter()
+            df = impute.column_pair(
+                df,
+                numerator,
+                denominator,
+                fill_flag,
+                fill_range,
+                ColType[col_type].value,
+                seed,
             )
-
-            # NOTE: `validate` default is "m:m" -> forcing a 1:1 relationship of the join
+            t1 = time.perf_counter()
+        else:
+            t0 = time.perf_counter()
             try:
                 df = df.join(
                     df_denom, on=sep_cols, how="inner", coalesce=True, validate="1:1"
                 )
             except pl.exceptions.ComputeError:
                 err_console.print(
-                    "The join with --sep-denom failed because there is not a 1:1 relationship between the join keys."
+                    "The join with --sep-denom failed because there is not a 1:1 relationship between the join columns specified via --sep-col."
                 )
                 raise typer.Abort()
-        else:
-            df = df.with_columns(
-                pl.when(pl.col(fill_cols.denominator) == fill_flag)
-                .then(
-                    pl.lit(
-                        rng.integers(
-                            fill_range.lb, fill_range.ub, size=df.height, endpoint=True
-                        )
-                    )
-                )
-                .otherwise(pl.col(fill_cols.denominator))
-                .alias(fill_cols.denominator)
-                .cast(cast_type.value)
-            )
 
-        # NOTE: at this point, imputation of denom is done regardless of whether sep file or not
-        df = df.with_columns(
-            pl.when(
-                (pl.col(fill_cols.numerator) == fill_flag)
-                & (pl.col(fill_cols.denominator) <= fill_range.ub)
-            )
-            # map_elements() will run Python so it's slow
-            .then(
-                pl.col(fill_cols.denominator).map_elements(
-                    lambda denom: impute_capped(
-                        denom,
-                        fill_range,
-                        rng,
-                    ),
-                    return_dtype=pl.Int64,
-                )
-            )
-            .when(
-                (pl.col(fill_cols.numerator) == fill_flag)
-                & (pl.col(fill_cols.denominator) > fill_range.ub)
+            df = impute.column_pair(
+                df,
+                numerator,
+                denominator,
+                fill_flag,
+                fill_range,
+                ColType[col_type].value,
+                seed,
             )
-            .then(
-                pl.lit(
-                    rng.integers(
-                        fill_range.lb, fill_range.ub, size=df.height, endpoint=True
-                    )
-                )
-            )
-            .otherwise(pl.col(fill_cols.numerator))
-            .alias(fill_cols.numerator)
-            .cast(cast_type.value)
-        )
-        t1 = time.perf_counter()
+            t1 = time.perf_counter()
 
-        # TODO: consider create_dir also for sep_out?
-        if create_dir:
-            output.parent.mkdir(parents=True)
+        if output is not None:
+            if create_dir:
+                output.parent.mkdir(parents=True)
 
-        if sep_denom is not None:
-            if sep_out is not None:
-                df.select(pl.col("*").exclude(fill_cols.numerator)).write_csv(sep_out)
+            if sep_denom is not None:
+                df.select(pl.col("*").exclude(denominator)).write_csv(
+                    output, separator=","
+                )
 
-            df.select(pl.col("*").exclude(fill_cols.denominator)).write_csv(output)
-        else:
-            df.write_csv(output)
+                if sep_out is not None:
+                    if create_sep_dir:
+                        sep_out.parent.mkdir(parents=True)
 
-    print("[green]Finished imputing[/green]...")
+                    df.select(pl.col("*").exclude(numerator)).write_csv(
+                        sep_out, separator=","
+                    )
+            else:
+                df.write_csv(output, separator=",")
 
     if verbose:
-        table = Table(title="Imputation statistics", show_header=False)
-        table.add_row(
-            f"[blue]Count of imputed values in[/blue] '{fill_cols.numerator}'",
-            f"{imp_sizes[0]:_}",
-        )
-        table.add_row(
-            f"[blue]Proportion of imputed values in[/blue] '{fill_cols.numerator}'",
-            f"{(imp_sizes[0] / df.height):0.2f} (n = {df.height:_})",
-            end_section=True,
-        )
-        table.add_row(
-            f"[blue]Count of imputed values in[/blue] '{fill_cols.denominator}'",
-            f"{imp_sizes[1]:_}",
-        )
-        table.add_row(
-            f"[blue]Proportion of imputed values in[/blue] '{fill_cols.denominator}'",
-            f"{(imp_sizes[1] / df.height):0.2f} (n = {df.height:_})",
-            end_section=True,
-        )
-        table.add_row("[blue]Seed[/blue]", f"{seed}")
-        table.add_row("[blue]Time taken[/blue]", f"~{(t1 - t0):0.3f} s")
-        print(table)
+        console.print(f"[bold]Time taken[/bold]: {(t1 - t0):0.3f}s", highlight=False)
 
+    if output is None:
         print(
             df.filter(
-                (pl.col(fill_cols.numerator) <= fill_range.ub)
-                | (pl.col(fill_cols.denominator) <= fill_range.ub)
-            ).head()
+                (pl.col(numerator) <= fill_range.ub)
+                | (pl.col(denominator) <= fill_range.ub)
+            ).head(10)
         )
-
-
-@impute_app.command("dir")
-def impute_dir(
-    input_dir: Annotated[
-        Path,
-        typer.Argument(
-            exists=True,
-            file_okay=False,
-            dir_okay=True,
-            readable=True,
-            help="Directory of CSV files to impute",
-        ),
-    ],
-    output_dir: Annotated[
-        Path,
-        typer.Argument(
-            exists=False,
-            file_okay=False,
-            dir_okay=True,
-            writable=True,
-            help="Directory to save output CSV files",
-        ),
-    ],
-    fill_col: Annotated[
-        str, typer.Option("--col", "-c", help="Name of the column to impute")
-    ],
-    fill_flag: Annotated[
-        str,
-        typer.Option(
-            "--flag",
-            "-f",
-            help="Flag (string) to look for and replace in the target column",
-        ),
-    ],
-    fill_range: Annotated[
-        FillRange,
-        typer.Option(
-            "--range",
-            "-r",
-            metavar="TEXT",
-            help="Closed, integer interval from which to sample random integer for imputation. Specify as comma-separated values. For example: '1,5' corresponds to the range [1, 5]",
-            parser=parse_fill_range,
-        ),
-    ],
-    col_type: Annotated[
-        str,
-        typer.Option(
-            "--type",
-            "-t",
-            help="Intended data type of the target column. Can be a Polars Int64 or Float64.",
-            click_type=click.Choice(ColType._member_names_, case_sensitive=False),
-        ),
-    ] = ColType.INT64.name,
-    seed: Annotated[
-        int, typer.Option("--seed", "-s", help="Random seed for reproducibility")
-    ] = 123,
-    force: Annotated[
-        bool,
-        typer.Option(
-            "--force",
-            "-F",
-            help="Force imputing the data if INPUT is identical to OUTPUT",
-        ),
-    ] = False,
-    suffix: Annotated[
-        str,
-        typer.Option(
-            "--suffix", "-x", help="Optional suffix to append to each imputed CSV file"
-        ),
-    ] = "",
-    verbose: Annotated[
-        bool,
-        typer.Option(
-            "--verbose",
-            "-v",
-            help="Whether to show additional imputation summary information",
-        ),
-    ] = False,
-) -> None:
-    """
-    Impute a target column for a directory of uniform CSV files. Will look for a specific filler flag in the target column
-    and replace with a random integer from the the specified range. Save the result in the given output directory.
-    """
-    files = list(input_dir.glob("*.csv"))
-    if len(files) == 0:
-        err_console.print(
-            f"The specified input directory [blue bold]{input_dir}[/blue bold] is either empty or doesn't contain any CSV files."
-        )
-        raise typer.Abort()
-
-    create_dir = False
-    if not output_dir.is_dir():
-        create_dir = Confirm.ask(
-            f"The specified output directory [blue bold]{output_dir}[/blue bold] doesn't exist. Do you want to create it along with any missing parents?"
-        )
-        if not create_dir:
-            print("Won't create directories")
-            raise typer.Abort()
-
-    for file in files:
-        if suffix != "":
-            output_file = output_dir / f"{file.stem}_{suffix}{file.suffix}"
-        else:
-            output_file = output_dir / file.name
-
-        if output_file.is_file() and not force:
-            overwrite_file = Confirm.ask(
-                f"The intended output file [blue bold]{output_file}[/blue bold] already exists. Should it be overwritten?"
-            )
-            if not overwrite_file:
-                print("Won't overwrite")
-                raise typer.Abort()
-
-        df = pl.read_csv(file, infer_schema_length=0)
-
-        if not all_cols_exist(df, [fill_col]):
-            err_console.print(f"Column {fill_col} cannot be found in {file}")
-            raise typer.Abort()
-
-        if verbose:
-            imp_size = len(df.filter(pl.col(fill_col) == fill_flag))
-
-        if not fill_flag_exists(df, fill_col, fill_flag):
-            err_console.print(
-                f"Cannot find any instances of '{fill_flag}' in {fill_col}"
-            )
-            raise typer.Abort()
-
-        rng = np.random.default_rng(seed)
-        cast_type = ColType[col_type]
-
-        t0 = time.perf_counter()
-        df = df.with_columns(
-            pl.when(pl.col(fill_col) == fill_flag)
-            .then(
-                pl.lit(
-                    # NOTE: must specify size to be height of df despite not filling every row
-                    # thus, we get "new" rand int per row
-                    rng.integers(
-                        fill_range.lb, fill_range.ub, size=df.height, endpoint=True
-                    )
-                )
-            )
-            .otherwise(pl.col(fill_col))
-            .alias(fill_col)
-            .cast(cast_type.value)
-        )
-        t1 = time.perf_counter()
-
-        if create_dir:
-            output_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-
-        df.write_csv(output_file)
-
-        print(f"\nFinished imputing [blue]{file}[/blue]...")
-
-        if verbose:
-            table = Table(title="Imputation statistics", show_header=False)
-            table.add_row("[blue]Count of imputed values[/blue]", f"{imp_size:_}")
-            table.add_row(
-                "[blue]Proportion of imputed values[/blue]",
-                f"{(imp_size / df.height):0.2f} (n = {df.height:_})",
-            )
-            table.add_row("[blue]Seed[/blue]", f"{seed}")
-            table.add_row("[blue]Time taken[/blue]", f"~{(t1 - t0):0.3f} s")
-            print(table)
-
-            print(df.filter(pl.col(fill_col) <= fill_range.ub).head())
diff --git a/src/csv_helper/impute.py b/src/csv_helper/impute.py
index 9d66ed9..810ad07 100644
--- a/src/csv_helper/impute.py
+++ b/src/csv_helper/impute.py
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ def check[T: (pl.DataFrame, pl.LazyFrame)](
 
         if not _fill_flag_exists(df, col, fill_flag):
             raise ValueError(
-                f"Column {col} doesn't contain any instances of '{fill_flag}'"
+                f"Column '{col}' doesn't contain any instances of '{fill_flag}'"
             )
 
     if len(columns) > 1:
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ def check[T: (pl.DataFrame, pl.LazyFrame)](
             .agg(
                 count=pl.col("value").filter(pl.col("value") == fill_flag).count(),
                 prop=pl.col("value").filter(pl.col("value") == fill_flag).count()
-                / pl.count(),
+                / pl.len(),
             )
             .sort("column")
         )
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ def check[T: (pl.DataFrame, pl.LazyFrame)](
         .agg(
             count=pl.col("value").filter(pl.col("value") == fill_flag).count(),
             prop=pl.col("value").filter(pl.col("value") == fill_flag).count()
-            / pl.count(),
+            / pl.len(),
         )
         .sort("column")
     )
diff --git a/tests/cli_test.py b/tests/cli_test.py
index 19c4411..e19cd0e 100644
--- a/tests/cli_test.py
+++ b/tests/cli_test.py
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 import shutil
+import textwrap
 from importlib.metadata import version
-from pathlib import Path, PureWindowsPath
-from sys import platform
-from textwrap import dedent
+from pathlib import Path
 
 import polars as pl
 import pytest
+from polars.testing import assert_frame_equal
 from typer.testing import CliRunner
 
 from csv_helper.cli import app
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 
 
 @pytest.fixture
-def test_data(tmp_path) -> Path:
+def test_data(tmp_path: Path) -> Path:
     """
     Fixture that moves test CSV data to new dir for testing and
     returns the file's path
@@ -22,11 +22,12 @@ def test_data(tmp_path) -> Path:
     data_dir = tmp_path / "data"
     data_dir.mkdir()
     shutil.copy("./tests/data/test_impute_data.csv", data_dir)
+
     return data_dir / "test_impute_data.csv"
 
 
 @pytest.fixture
-def test_data_dir(tmp_path) -> Path:
+def test_data_dir(tmp_path: Path) -> Path:
     """
     Fixture that moves test dir of CSV data to new dir for
     testing and returns the dir's path
@@ -34,11 +35,12 @@ def test_data_dir(tmp_path) -> Path:
     data_dir = tmp_path / "data"
     data_dir.mkdir()
     shutil.copytree("./tests/data/test_dir", data_dir / "test_dir")
+
     return data_dir / "test_dir"
 
 
 @pytest.fixture
-def test_data_sep(tmp_path) -> Path:
+def test_data_sep(tmp_path: Path) -> Path:
     """
     Fixture that moves test dir of pair CSV data to new dir for
     testing and returns the dir's path
@@ -46,34 +48,22 @@ def test_data_sep(tmp_path) -> Path:
     data_dir = tmp_path / "data"
     data_dir.mkdir()
     shutil.copytree("./tests/data/test_pair_sep", data_dir / "test_pair_sep")
-    return data_dir / "test_pair_sep"
 
-
-# NOTE: can also access funcs in csv_helper.cli directly:
-# from csv_helper.cli import preview
-# preview("./tests/data/test_impute_data.csv", 10)
+    return data_dir / "test_pair_sep"
 
 
-def test_show_version():
+def test_print_version():
     result = runner.invoke(app, ["--version"])
     ver = version("csv_helper")
+
     assert result.stdout.replace("\n", "") == f"csv-helper version {ver}"
 
 
-def test_preview(test_data):
-    result = runner.invoke(app, ["preview", str(test_data), "-n", "15"])
+def test_show(test_data):
+    result = runner.invoke(app, ["show", str(test_data), "-n", "15"])
     assert result.exit_code == 0
 
-    if platform == "linux" or platform == "darwin":
-        msg = f"File: {test_data}"
-    elif platform == "win32":
-        msg = f"File: {PureWindowsPath(test_data)}"
-
-    # NOTE: stripping newlines and then slicing; for some reason on macos and windows
-    # the stdout has newlines inserted
-    assert result.stdout.replace("\n", "")[: len(msg)] == msg
-
-    out = dedent(
+    out = textwrap.dedent(
         """\
         shape: (15, 4)
         ┌────────┬───────────┬───────┬───────────┐
@@ -95,12 +85,13 @@ def test_preview(test_data):
         └────────┴───────────┴───────┴───────────┘
         """
     )
-    assert out in result.stdout
 
+    assert result.stdout == out
 
-def test_preview_not_file(tmp_path):
+
+def test_show_not_file(tmp_path):
     dir = tmp_path / "data"
-    result = runner.invoke(app, ["preview", str(dir), "-n", "15"])
+    result = runner.invoke(app, ["show", str(dir), "-n", "15"])
     assert result.exit_code == 2
 
 
@@ -108,23 +99,19 @@ def test_check(test_data):
     result = runner.invoke(app, ["check", str(test_data), "-c", "cases", "-f", "<=5"])
     assert result.exit_code == 0
 
-    out = dedent(
+    out = textwrap.dedent(
         """\
-        Found 308 occurrences of '<=5' in 'cases' -> 0.62 of rows (n = 500)
-        shape: (5, 4)
-        ┌────────┬───────────┬───────┬───────────┐
-        │ county ┆ year_week ┆ cases ┆ all_cause │
-        │ ---    ┆ ---       ┆ ---   ┆ ---       │
-        │ str    ┆ str       ┆ str   ┆ str       │
-        ╞════════╪═══════════╪═══════╪═══════════╡
-        │ 55107  ┆ 2020-05   ┆ <=5   ┆ 334       │
-        │ 28101  ┆ 2021-20   ┆ <=5   ┆ <=5       │
-        │ 35043  ┆ 2022-24   ┆ <=5   ┆ 5862      │
-        │ 28043  ┆ 2023-09   ┆ <=5   ┆ 811       │
-        │ 26093  ┆ 2020-42   ┆ <=5   ┆ 7606      │
-        └────────┴───────────┴───────┴───────────┘
+        shape: (1, 3)
+        ┌────────┬───────┬───────┐
+        │ column ┆ count ┆ prop  │
+        │ ---    ┆ ---   ┆ ---   │
+        │ str    ┆ u32   ┆ f64   │
+        ╞════════╪═══════╪═══════╡
+        │ cases  ┆ 308   ┆ 0.616 │
+        └────────┴───────┴───────┘
         """
     )
+
     assert result.stdout == out
 
 
@@ -144,6 +131,7 @@ def test_impute_file(tmp_path, test_data):
             "impute",
             "file",
             str(test_data),
+            "-o",
             str(out_file),
             "-c",
             "cases",
@@ -151,28 +139,19 @@ def test_impute_file(tmp_path, test_data):
             f"<={fill_range[1]}",
             "-r",
             f"{fill_range[0]},{fill_range[1]}",
-            "-s",
-            "8",
         ],
     )
     assert result.exit_code == 0
     assert out_file.is_file() is True
 
-    df_in = (
-        pl.read_csv(test_data, infer_schema_length=0)
-        # .with_row_index(name="id")
-        # .select("id", "cases")
-    )
-    df_out = (
-        pl.read_csv(out_file, infer_schema_length=0)
-        # .with_row_index(name="id")
-        # .select("id", "cases")
-    )
+    df_in = pl.read_csv(test_data, infer_schema_length=0)
+    df_out = pl.read_csv(out_file, infer_schema_length=0)
     assert df_in.shape == df_out.shape
 
     df = df_in.join(
         df_out, on=["county", "year_week"], how="inner", suffix="_imputed"
     ).filter(pl.col("cases") == f"<={fill_range[1]}")
+
     assert (
         df.select((pl.col("cases_imputed") == f"<={fill_range[1]}").any()).item()
         is False
@@ -197,6 +176,7 @@ def test_impute_file_repro(tmp_path, test_data):
             "impute",
             "file",
             str(test_data),
+            "-o",
             str(out_file_1),
             "-c",
             "cases",
@@ -205,7 +185,7 @@ def test_impute_file_repro(tmp_path, test_data):
             "-r",
             f"{fill_range[0]},{fill_range[1]}",
             "-s",
-            "123",
+            "88",
         ],
     )
     assert result_1.exit_code == 0
@@ -217,6 +197,7 @@ def test_impute_file_repro(tmp_path, test_data):
             "impute",
             "file",
             str(test_data),
+            "-o",
             str(out_file_2),
             "-c",
             "cases",
@@ -225,7 +206,7 @@ def test_impute_file_repro(tmp_path, test_data):
             "-r",
             f"{fill_range[0]},{fill_range[1]}",
             "-s",
-            "123",
+            "88",
         ],
     )
     assert result_2.exit_code == 0
@@ -237,7 +218,7 @@ def test_impute_file_repro(tmp_path, test_data):
     df_2 = pl.read_csv(out_file_2, infer_schema_length=0)
     assert df_2.select((pl.col("cases") == f"<={fill_range[1]}").any()).item() is False
 
-    assert df_1.equals(df_2) is True
+    assert_frame_equal(df_1, df_2)
 
 
 def test_impute_file_output_exists(tmp_path, test_data):
@@ -254,6 +235,7 @@ def test_impute_file_output_exists(tmp_path, test_data):
             "impute",
             "file",
             str(test_data),
+            "-o",
             str(out_file),
             "-c",
             "cases",
@@ -261,8 +243,6 @@ def test_impute_file_output_exists(tmp_path, test_data):
             f"<={fill_range[1]}",
             "-r",
             f"{fill_range[0]},{fill_range[1]}",
-            "-s",
-            "8",
         ],
     )
     assert result.exit_code == 1
@@ -282,6 +262,7 @@ def test_impute_file_overwrite(tmp_path, test_data):
             "impute",
             "file",
             str(test_data),
+            "-o",
             str(out_file),
             "-c",
             "cases",
@@ -289,210 +270,12 @@ def test_impute_file_overwrite(tmp_path, test_data):
             f"<={fill_range[1]}",
             "-r",
             f"{fill_range[0]},{fill_range[1]}",
-            "-s",
-            "8",
         ],
         input="y\n",
     )
     assert result.exit_code == 0
 
 
-def test_impute_dir(tmp_path, test_data_dir):
-    out_dir = Path(tmp_path) / "test_impute_dir_output"
-    out_dir.mkdir()
-    fill_range = (1, 5)
-
-    result = runner.invoke(
-        app,
-        [
-            "impute",
-            "dir",
-            str(test_data_dir),
-            str(out_dir),
-            "-c",
-            "cases",
-            "-f",
-            f"<={fill_range[1]}",
-            "-r",
-            f"{fill_range[0]},{fill_range[1]}",
-            "-s",
-            "8",
-        ],
-    )
-    assert result.exit_code == 0
-    assert out_dir.is_dir()
-    for i in range(5):
-        f = out_dir / f"test_impute_data_{i}.csv"
-        assert f.is_file() is True
-
-    for input, output in zip(test_data_dir.iterdir(), out_dir.iterdir()):
-        df_in = (
-            pl.read_csv(input, infer_schema_length=0)
-            # .with_row_index(name="id")
-            # .select("id", "cases", "all_cause")
-        )
-        df_out = (
-            pl.read_csv(output, infer_schema_length=0)
-            # .with_row_index(name="id")
-            # .select("id", "cases", "all_cause")
-        )
-        assert df_in.shape == df_out.shape
-
-        df = df_in.join(
-            df_out, on=["county", "year_week"], how="inner", suffix="_imputed"
-        ).filter(
-            (pl.col("cases") == f"<={fill_range[1]}")
-            | (pl.col("all_cause") == f"<={fill_range[1]}")
-        )
-        assert (
-            df.select((pl.col("cases_imputed") == f"<={fill_range[1]}").any()).item()
-            is False
-        )
-        assert (
-            df.select("cases_imputed")
-            .cast(pl.Int64)
-            .select(
-                pl.col("cases_imputed").is_between(fill_range[0], fill_range[1]).all()
-            )
-            .item()
-            is True
-        )
-
-
-def test_impute_dir_force(tmp_path, test_data_dir):
-    out_dir = Path(tmp_path) / "test_impute_dir_output"
-    out_dir.mkdir()
-    fill_range = (1, 5)
-
-    inp_files = test_data_dir.glob("*.csv")
-    for file in inp_files:
-        out_file = out_dir / file.name
-        out_file.touch()
-
-    result = runner.invoke(
-        app,
-        [
-            "impute",
-            "dir",
-            str(test_data_dir),
-            str(out_dir),
-            "-c",
-            "cases",
-            "-f",
-            f"<={fill_range[1]}",
-            "-r",
-            f"{fill_range[0]},{fill_range[1]}",
-            "-s",
-            "8",
-            "--force",
-        ],
-    )
-    assert result.exit_code == 0
-    assert out_dir.is_dir()
-    for i in range(5):
-        f = out_dir / f"test_impute_data_{i}.csv"
-        assert f.is_file() is True
-
-    for input, output in zip(test_data_dir.iterdir(), out_dir.iterdir()):
-        df_in = (
-            pl.read_csv(input, infer_schema_length=0)
-            # .with_row_index(name="id")
-            # .select("id", "cases", "all_cause")
-        )
-        df_out = (
-            pl.read_csv(output, infer_schema_length=0)
-            # .with_row_index(name="id")
-            # .select("id", "cases", "all_cause")
-        )
-        assert df_in.shape == df_out.shape
-
-        df = df_in.join(
-            df_out, on=["county", "year_week"], how="inner", suffix="_imputed"
-        ).filter(
-            (pl.col("cases") == f"<={fill_range[1]}")
-            | (pl.col("all_cause") == f"<={fill_range[1]}")
-        )
-        assert (
-            df.select((pl.col("cases_imputed") == f"<={fill_range[1]}").any()).item()
-            is False
-        )
-        assert (
-            df.select("cases_imputed")
-            .cast(pl.Int64)
-            .select(
-                pl.col("cases_imputed").is_between(fill_range[0], fill_range[1]).all()
-            )
-            .item()
-            is True
-        )
-
-
-def test_impute_dir_suffix(tmp_path, test_data_dir):
-    out_dir = Path(tmp_path) / "test_impute_dir_output"
-    out_dir.mkdir()
-    fill_range = (1, 5)
-    suffix = "imputed"
-
-    result = runner.invoke(
-        app,
-        [
-            "impute",
-            "dir",
-            str(test_data_dir),
-            str(out_dir),
-            "-c",
-            "cases",
-            "-f",
-            f"<={fill_range[1]}",
-            "-r",
-            f"{fill_range[0]},{fill_range[1]}",
-            "-s",
-            "8",
-            "-x",
-            suffix,
-        ],
-    )
-    assert result.exit_code == 0
-    assert out_dir.is_dir() is True
-
-    for i in range(5):
-        f = out_dir / f"test_impute_data_{i}_{suffix}.csv"
-        assert f.is_file() is True
-
-    for input, output in zip(test_data_dir.iterdir(), out_dir.iterdir()):
-        df_in = (
-            pl.read_csv(input, infer_schema_length=0)
-            # .with_row_index(name="id")
-            # .select("id", "cases", "all_cause")
-        )
-        df_out = (
-            pl.read_csv(output, infer_schema_length=0)
-            # .with_row_index(name="id")
-            # .select("id", "cases", "all_cause")
-        )
-        assert df_in.shape == df_out.shape
-
-        df = df_in.join(
-            df_out, on=["county", "year_week"], how="inner", suffix="_imputed"
-        ).filter(
-            (pl.col("cases") == f"<={fill_range[1]}")
-            | (pl.col("all_cause") == f"<={fill_range[1]}")
-        )
-        assert (
-            df.select((pl.col("cases_imputed") == f"<={fill_range[1]}").any()).item()
-            is False
-        )
-        assert (
-            df.select("cases_imputed")
-            .cast(pl.Int64)
-            .select(
-                pl.col("cases_imputed").is_between(fill_range[0], fill_range[1]).all()
-            )
-            .item()
-            is True
-        )
-
-
 def test_impute_pair(tmp_path, test_data):
     out_file = tmp_path / "test_impute_pair_output.csv"
     fill_range = (1, 5)
@@ -503,34 +286,31 @@ def test_impute_pair(tmp_path, test_data):
             "impute",
             "pair",
             str(test_data),
-            str(out_file),
-            "-c",
-            "cases,all_cause",
+            "-n",
+            "cases",
+            "-d",
+            "all_cause",
             "-f",
             f"<={fill_range[1]}",
             "-r",
             f"{fill_range[0]},{fill_range[1]}",
-            "-s",
-            "8",
+            "-o",
+            str(out_file),
         ],
     )
     assert result.exit_code == 0
     assert out_file.is_file() is True
 
-    df_in = (
-        pl.read_csv(test_data, infer_schema_length=0)
-        # .with_row_index(name="id")
-        # .select("id", "cases", "all_cause")
-    )
-    df_out = (
-        pl.read_csv(out_file, infer_schema_length=0)
-        # .with_row_index(name="id")
-        # .select("id", "cases", "all_cause")
-    )
+    df_in = pl.read_csv(test_data, infer_schema_length=0)
+    df_out = pl.read_csv(out_file, infer_schema_length=0)
     assert df_in.shape == df_out.shape
 
     df = df_in.join(
-        df_out, on=["county", "year_week"], how="inner", suffix="_imputed"
+        df_out,
+        on=["county", "year_week"],
+        how="inner",
+        suffix="_imputed",
+        validate="1:1",
     ).filter(
         (pl.col("cases") == f"<={fill_range[1]}")
         | (pl.col("all_cause") == f"<={fill_range[1]}")
@@ -570,7 +350,6 @@ def test_impute_pair_sep(tmp_path, test_data_sep):
     num_file = test_data_sep / "test_impute_numerator_only_data.csv"
     out_file = tmp_path / "numerator_output.csv"
     denom_file = test_data_sep / "test_impute_denom_only_data.csv"
-    sep_cols = "county,year_week"
     fill_range = (1, 5)
 
     result = runner.invoke(
@@ -579,19 +358,22 @@ def test_impute_pair_sep(tmp_path, test_data_sep):
             "impute",
             "pair",
             str(num_file),
-            str(out_file),
-            "-c",
-            "cases,all_cause",
+            "-n",
+            "cases",
+            "-d",
+            "all_cause",
             "-f",
             f"<={fill_range[1]}",
             "-r",
             f"{fill_range[0]},{fill_range[1]}",
-            "-s",
-            "8",
+            "-o",
+            str(out_file),
             "--sep-denom",
             str(denom_file),
-            "--sep-cols",
-            sep_cols,
+            "--sep-col",
+            "county",
+            "--sep-col",
+            "year_week",
         ],
     )
     assert result.exit_code == 0
@@ -599,6 +381,7 @@ def test_impute_pair_sep(tmp_path, test_data_sep):
 
     df_num = pl.read_csv(num_file, infer_schema_length=0)
     df_out = pl.read_csv(out_file, infer_schema_length=0)
+
     assert df_num.shape == df_out.shape
     assert (
         df_out.select((pl.col("cases") == f"<={fill_range[1]}").any()).item() is False
@@ -626,7 +409,6 @@ def test_impute_pair_join_fails(tmp_path, test_data_sep):
     num_file = test_data_sep / "test_impute_numerator_only_data.csv"
     out_file = tmp_path / "numerator_output.csv"
     denom_file = test_data_sep / "test_impute_denom_only_join_fails.csv"
-    sep_cols = "county,year_week"
     fill_range = (1, 5)
 
     result = runner.invoke(
@@ -635,19 +417,22 @@ def test_impute_pair_join_fails(tmp_path, test_data_sep):
             "impute",
             "pair",
             str(num_file),
-            str(out_file),
-            "-c",
-            "cases,all_cause",
+            "-n",
+            "cases",
+            "-d",
+            "all_cause",
             "-f",
             f"<={fill_range[1]}",
             "-r",
             f"{fill_range[0]},{fill_range[1]}",
-            "-s",
-            "8",
+            "-o",
+            str(out_file),
             "--sep-denom",
             str(denom_file),
-            "--sep-cols",
-            sep_cols,
+            "--sep-col",
+            "county",
+            "--sep-col",
+            "year_week",
         ],
     )
     assert result.exit_code == 1
@@ -657,7 +442,6 @@ def test_impute_pair_sep_output(tmp_path, test_data_sep):
     num_file = test_data_sep / "test_impute_numerator_only_data.csv"
     out_file = tmp_path / "test_impute_sep_files_numerator_output.csv"
     denom_file = test_data_sep / "test_impute_denom_only_data.csv"
-    sep_cols = "county,year_week"
     sep_out = tmp_path / "test_impute_sep_files_denom_output.csv"
     fill_range = (1, 5)
 
@@ -667,19 +451,22 @@ def test_impute_pair_sep_output(tmp_path, test_data_sep):
             "impute",
             "pair",
             str(num_file),
-            str(out_file),
-            "-c",
-            "cases,all_cause",
+            "-n",
+            "cases",
+            "-d",
+            "all_cause",
             "-f",
             f"<={fill_range[1]}",
             "-r",
             f"{fill_range[0]},{fill_range[1]}",
-            "-s",
-            "8",
+            "-o",
+            str(out_file),
             "--sep-denom",
             str(denom_file),
-            "--sep-cols",
-            sep_cols,
+            "--sep-col",
+            "county",
+            "--sep-col",
+            "year_week",
             "--sep-out",
             str(sep_out),
         ],

From 31c6c51c19941412b8e2779210b304e9aabb5acf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Tiu <63322884+winter-again@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 21 Jun 2025 13:27:46 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 46/47] Remove Windows

---
 .github/workflows/tests.yml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/tests.yml b/.github/workflows/tests.yml
index e898406..6eab520 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/tests.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/tests.yml
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
-        os: [ubuntu-latest, macos-latest, windows-latest]
+        os: [ubuntu-latest, macos-latest]
         python-version: 
           - "3.12"
           - "3.13"

From 423da4eb41ea43598ede3fb3d1be276e52bb2f67 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Tiu <63322884+winter-again@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 21 Jun 2025 13:28:05 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 47/47] Add Windows back

---
 .github/workflows/tests.yml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/tests.yml b/.github/workflows/tests.yml
index 6eab520..e898406 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/tests.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/tests.yml
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
-        os: [ubuntu-latest, macos-latest]
+        os: [ubuntu-latest, macos-latest, windows-latest]
         python-version: 
           - "3.12"
           - "3.13"