Runner update to 24.04

[MatthiasHertel80]

The recent transition to Ubuntu 24.04 as ubuntu-latest has implications for Python and system package management.
Reference

Important considerations:

• The version bump prevents Python packages from being installed for system Python
• Package cuts were necessary to maintain SLA for free disk space. While this may affect some workflows, it was done to keep disruptions minimal while considering the diverse community needs

Recommended mitigation:

1. Use explicit runs-on: ubuntu-22.04 if needed - Ubuntu 22.04 will still be maintained for the next 2 years
2. Use actions/setup-python with explicit version pinning
3. Consider implementing proper dependency caching
4. Check if libtinfo5 is required and remove installation if possible